???|????????:??????“???”?????

????:??????95?:??????

?????7??????????????????26??????????????????:????????????“???”????

?????

???????????? ???????????????????

????????????,????????????,????????????,???????«????»«??????????:??????????»??,?????,????????????“??”,?????????,?“????????????”????????

?????????????:

?????:??????

???????:??????????????,????????????????300????,????300???????,????,??“????????????????????????”??,???????,??????,?????????,?????????????????,??????

???????????,??,????????????,???????????????“???”?????????????????,???????????????????,?????????????«??»?????«???»,?21???,????????4??;?????????«???»?????????35?????,???7???;???,«??????????????»?????????57???????????,??17???

???,???1492???,????????,??,???????(Columbian Exchange),????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????:???????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????

?????????:???????????????????“??????????”?

?????????:????????,??????????????????????????????,???????“??”,???????????????????«???????»?:“??????????,???????????”,????,??,????????????,?????,??(?????,??)????,???????«?»???????????????????:“????,???”??????????,??

??????:??????? ?????

???,“???????”,?,??????,?????,????,???????

?????????,??,?????????????,???,???,?????,“????,???????????”,??:“????????,??????”

????«??????????????????????»??????????:“?”????,????,?????,????,?????????????,??,??????????????????????,???,?????????,??????????????????,???????,??????,??,?????????????????

????????:???????????“???”??????????????

???:????,??«???????????»??:???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,?????,??????“??????????????”??????????,??????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????(???“?????????????”)???????

??????????,????,?????????????,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????,????,?????“????????”,??????????“???”,??????????????????

????:2019?????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????

????,?????????,??????????????????,???????????????,??????????????“?????”,????,?????“????”,?????????????«?????»????????“??????????”????????“??????????,???????????”

????????????:???,??????????????????

?????:??,????,???????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????,????????????????????????,«??????»??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,?????,?????????????,????????????????????????,??,?????????????????????????????

???????,?????,????????,????????,????,?????????

???,??????????????????,?????«??????»?????????????????:“??????????????????,???,?????????????????????,????????,???,???????????????????????”“?????????”,??????????????????????????,??????,???????????????????,????????????????????????,«????????»????“????????,????????????,???????”

????,???????,????????????????????????????????????,???????(???????)

??????:

????????????????:?????

????????????,???,???????,??????????:??????????????????????????????????????«???»«?????????:???????????»«????????:??????????????????????»???

????:???