???????????????????

????:???????????:?????

?????????????????

??????????? ?

?????????

????????????“?”

????????????????????????,????

????,??

(?)???

(????????????????????????)???

(?)????????

??????,?

??????????????????????????????????,?????

??????????“??????”,????????

??????????????????

(??????????)?

(?????)?

??????????

??

??(National Endowment for Democracy,???????????NED)??????“?????????????????????????”,?,?????“?????????”?,????????????????,?,??,??????????,????,??????????????,?,??????

?,NED?,????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????,?????NED,????????????,????????????NED????????,??????????NED?????,?????????????????,?????

??????“?????????”

NED??“?????????”????,?“??”,?????“?”?

(??)NED??????“?”????????????????????????,??????????,???????“??”?20????60???,????????,?????????????,NED???,?????????

(????)NED?????????1981??,??,????“????????”,?????????????????????,?“???????????????”?1983??NED???????????,??????:????,??????????

(?????????)NED?????????1983???11????22?????????,?«????»,???????????NED???,???????????????????????????????????1983??????????????NED?????????????????,???????????????1800??40???,??????????????????“????(USASpending)”?????????????,2023?3.15??????????,NED?????????

(??)NED?????????????NED????????,NED??,?????????????????«?»??,?????????????????NED??????????????,??

(??)NED???,?????????????«??????»,NED??????12??31?????????????????????????????????????NED???,????

(?????????)????NED?????????????????????????????«????»,NED???????????????????????

(?????????????)NED????????????????????????1995????:“???????????????????????,?????????,?????????????,NED?”????????????«???????????????????????????:???????????»?,??NED???,???????

???????????????????????,?

(????????????????)????2022???9??,???????????“?????????”?????????????????????????????,???????,??????2015???????????????????????????????????????????2022????????????NED??62.8?????«??????????????????????»??????,NED??????“????”??“??”?????????,NED??“??????????”(Center for Human Rights in Iran, CHRI)??????“????”(Human Rights Activists News Agency, HRANA)??????,??????????,?????????????????????????NED?«???????»?,??????NED?????“????”,?????????????????????“?”?

(??????)??“????????????????”?????????,NED?????,????????????????????????,???????NED??????????“??”????????,??????????????“?”?“???????”??“?????”,??????“????”,????“????”?

(??????)?????????????????2004??????“??????????”?,NED?6500??2007?2015??,NED???????????????3000??????????????????,?“?????????????”?2013??2014?????“????????????”?????????????,NED??,???NED????????????????,???????X(??????????)??,??????,???????????????

(????)?????????2002????7??????????,NED???,NED?,?????????,?????????,?????????????2021?????????????7?????,????,NED???,????????????(???????????)??????????????????????????,????????

???????????????,????

(??????)?

1??2021??????????????,NED?????????????,????????????????“????????”,??“????????”?????

2?2021?5?????????,NED???????????????????,?????NED?,????,????????????????

3?NED??,?????“???”,??“??????”;?????“?????????????”,???

4?NED??,??????????(Mexicans Against Corruption and Impunity, MCCI)??????(Mexican Institute for Competitiveness, IMCO)?,???????????2021????????????,?NED????????,??“?”?

5?2017??????????,NED??54??2018???,????“????????”?“??????”,???????????????????????????????4.8????????????????

6?NED????,?????????“?”,??????

(???????????????)??????????????????????

1?NED?????????????«???????????????»(Journal of Democracy)?????????,??????????????????????????????????????

2?2023?7????????,«????????»????????“?????????”?????????????????????,??????5??,??????,??????????2024??????????4????,«????»?????????«?????»???,??????????,?????????????,??

3?NED??(?????“??”)??????????“?????????????????”,??????????????????????????NED???,2021??????NED?11??,????180???????????????????????“??”,??,????????????????????

(?????)?????

1?2022????4?????????2023??????12????????????,??????????????NED??,?????2023????5??????????????????,??????2??????????,NED?????????,??????????????????

2?NED???????????(Rappler)??????NED?,2017?2021????,???????????NED????78.6??????2022?????????,?,????????????????

3?NED???????“?”(Foundation for Democracy in Iran,FDI)??,FDI?????????????????

4?2023???????????1?,NED????,?“????”????????

???????????,????

NED???????????????????,NED???????,??????

(????)?“???”??????2022???????????,NED??????????????????“????”?,??????,??“?????????????????????”,??“?”,??“????,??”??????????????????2023??7???,NED??????????“??????20?????????????”,?????????????????“???????”?

(?????????????????????)?????NED???????,??????,2020???????????,???????????31???,?????2023???,NED??“????”“????”????????????????????????????????????????????2023???

(???)NED????????“?????????”,???500??????????600???????2024????3?,NED???,????????????????????“?????????????”?,?????

NED????????“???????????”???,????????????,??????????????NED????????“????”???,???????????????“????”??

(??)2023????????????3????????,NED????????????????????NED??????,?“???????????????????”?????????????,?“?”????????????????????2023??11?????????????????NED????????????“???????”????“????”?2024?4??????????????????,NED?“?”“?????”?????????NED?????

(???????????)21????,NED??????3????,????????????????????????2024??????????5????????“????????”????????,NED???????????,??????????

?????????????,??????

(?????????)NED????????????????????????????«?»??,??????????2023???????????11????30??,NED??????“??????????”??????????????????,?“?”???????????

(?????????????????????????????????????????????)NED???CNN????????,???????????

(?)NED???(International Republican Institute, IRI)?“??????”???,??

(?????????)NED????????1741??????“????”?92???????,?????????“?????????”??“??????????????????”???,??????????????????????“???????”?????????,?????????????????????????????“?”???????

(???)NED????“?”?VOA????????BBC?????????,????NED??????“?”?????????,???

??????????????“?????????”,????????

(?)NED????????(Governance Center for Public Policy, GCPP),?6???????????????“???????”??,?,?“??????????????”????????????????????????,?????????

(?????????????????)2024????????????3??????,NED“??????”???????????????????(Center for International Private Enterprise, CIPE)??????(Makati Business Club)?????«?»,???????,?????????????????????

(????)NED?(European Values Center for Security Policy, EVC)????????????????????(Global Security Center,GSC)?,?????????????????????????,?????“?????????”?????????????????????

(??????)?????????????,NED?????????“?????????????”?????????,????????????????

(?)2022?1?2023????????1????,NED??????daktilo84.com??????????????,????????????,???????????

(????)NED???2023?????12????,NED?“Sbunker”?,“?????????”???????“??”,????????????

(???)NED????????“??”????,???????????“???????????V”,?????,????,?????

(?)NED??,?“????”?????“?”?????????????????????????????

???????????

(?)?

1????????,NED?,??????????NED????,??“?”?

2?????????80????????NED????????????????,?,???,??????

3?2006????1????29???????,«?????»??«???????»?????????,???????????????

4?2021??9??????,??????«???????????»?????NED?????????????????,???,NED?????????,???????????????NED?????????????????,?????

(?????????????)??

1?2015?7????29?,?????????,?NED??“?”,????????,????NED??????????????????

2???2022??5?????,???????«?»????????????,NED????,????????????????????????“???????”??,?????

3?????????2008??????????????????«????????????60?»?,?NED??????????????????,????????????????NED????????????,???????????,??

4?????????“?????????”2010???????????????????????????????«NED:?????»,????????????NED?,?????

5?????«????»2018?????????????????NED????????????“?????????”(Hungary Helsinki Committee)??????“????”???????????????,???,???

6?2023???????4????,NED?????????,????????????????????????????«????????????»???????????,???NED???

7??(The Institute of World Economy and International Relations, IMEMO)???????«??40?:???????»?????,????NED,?“???????????????????????”???????,??,??NED?????

8?2023?????????????6???????????,????????????,?????

9?2016??,???«????»“??”????,????NED??????????????????

????

???????????????,????????NED,???????,??????,????,????,????????????????,??????????????????

??,????????????,????????????,??????“?????????”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,?????

?????????????

1.????????????????????????«??:?»,??2006????

2.???????????????????????????«?????????»,?,2023??????????12????????

3.?????????«??????NED???????»,2021????5???????17??????

4.????????«NED?????????????????????????????»,????,2018????????7???6????????????

5.???? ????:????