???“??????”????????????

????:??????????:95????????

? ????????

2024???8???20??????????????????,??(AS689)????????????????????????,[1]??????????17%-36.3%???(?????????????????9%)???????2023?9???13?“??”???,?????????????????????,????????????????2023???????10???????????????4?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????“???”???????????,????????????

???,?,???????,??????“?????????????”(?????)???,??????????????????????????????????????«???????»????,????????“????”????????2019????????????????????????«?????????»????,???,????????“?????????????????????????????????????”???????????2020??????????????????????,?????????????«?????????????????»,??????????????????????,??????????????????????“????????”???,???????,????????????????????????,??

???????????????????“????”????,?????????????????????????

??????????????

(?)??????????,???????

1. ?????

?????????????,??????????????????1951???????????????,??(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«??????????????????»,??????????“???????”(ECSC),?????????,??????????????,?????????????

1957?????????????????????????,???????????«???????????»??«???????????????????????»??“??????”(Euratom),???????(??????????????????????????????),????????????????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????“????????”(EEC),??????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????92??94?????????????????????(state aid),??????[2]

2. ???????????

1965????,??????????????????????????«????»,??????????????????????????,?,??????,???????????«??????????????????????»????????????????

1974????????????,???????«?????????????1985???»,?????1985????50%,???????,?????[3]

??????????,?,????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???,??

(?????????????)???????????????

1980??,???«???????????????1990??????»,???????????,???????????[4]???????1974??

1986??,??????«??????????????????????»,[5]??????,????,????????????????????

????????????????,??????,??????,???????

?????????????????????

1992???????,????«?????????»(???????????????«???»),??“?????”(EU),?????????“????????”(EEC)??????????“????”(EC),???????????????«?»?????«?????»?????????

??????«??»????????????,??????,«??????»??????130?????,????????????????????????????

???,?????,?????????“???????????”?????????

(????????)????????????????

1995??????????,?????????????????«???»???????????,???????????????????,???[6]

1997????????????????????,??«???:????????????????????????????????»??????????????????????????????,[7]??????,?,?????

2000???,???????????????????????????«??????»????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????[8]

????????,??????????,??

(????????????)????

??,???????????2006????????«??????????????????????????????????????????????»??????????????,???????????????????????????,??????????,?????,???[9]

2007???????,???«??????????»,??«????????»???«?????»,?????????????????«????????????????????????»???«??»????????,«????????»?88???4?????????,????????????????????,?????«?????»????????????“???????????????????”?,?????????????????[10]

2010??????,?????????????????????«????????2020?????????»,????,??[11]

2011??????,?????«2050?»,????????????2020????????????????????????,??????????,??(????????????)?????????????????,?????????????????????[12]

???,???????????,??????????????

????“?????”???????????????

??????????????«?????»?107????????????,??????????,???????(??????????),??????????????????????????????

??“???”?????????????????:???????????,???,????,?????????????;??????,???????????

????????????????????2023?????7??????????WTO???????????????,[13]??????????????????????????????????????,???????“???”??????????????“?”??,????????????????????????,???????????????2021-2022?????????????2273.5????????

????????????????,?????????????????“????????”????????,??????????????,????

(??????????????????????)????????????????????“?????????????”???

1. ????????????“??????????????????”?

2014???,?«2030??»,?????????2030????????????????,????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????2030???????27%,???????????????????????????????[14]

2015??,????????«?????????»,?????????????????“?????”,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???“?”?????????????,??,????????????[15]

2018????????????,???????«?»,??????????2030????????????????32%,??????????????????????[16]

?,??????«?????????????????????????????????????»,???????2050??“?????????????”??????????????????,????????“???????????????????????????”??????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,???????[17]

2. ???????????????????«??????»?????«?»???“?????????????????????????????”???

2019?,?«???»,???????????????????,????????????????,???????????????????2030?????1990???????????55%??????2050????????“?????”??

?????,??????????“???”?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????“??????”????????????????????????,«??????»???????????:?????????;????????????;?????,?????,???????????????????????????????,?????????,????????[18]

2020????????????????3?????,?????????????????«???»,?????:????;???????????“?????????”;????????????????????2021??????????????5????????????[19]????,???,??????????,????????,?,?????“??????”(IPCEI)???,????

2022?????????,???????????????????,???????????????,???“REPowerEU”?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,????????????,??????????2030??????45%,????????????????????[20]

3. ???????

2023??,?????«?????»,??????????????«??»,??????,??????????????????????“?????????????”?????????[21]

2024??,???«??????????????????????»?????«????????????????????????»?«??»?????????????????????????????????

«????????»????[22]????????????“??????”?????????????;???????2030??????,?40%;????“?????????????????”(NZSPs),????,??;?«??????????»?,???????

«?????»?????????????????????????????,??2030?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,????-??????????????????????????,???????????“?????????”??????????????????

(???????)???????

1. ??

2018?????????????????????,?????????«????:????????????????»,????????????????????,?,?,?“?????”(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????????)?

???????“??????????”(CEF),??,?????????????????????,??,?,????????????????????????

2. ??????????????????

2017??,??????????????????????????“???????”,???????????????,?,?????????????,????[23]

2018?????,????«???????????????»,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????[24]???????????????????????,??????:????????????????;??????,????????????????????;????,?????;?????????????????;?????????(??????????);??????????????

??????,??????????????????,???????????????????“????????”???????“?”????????????????????????,???,??????????

(??)?????????

1. ???

2022?????????????????,?????«??»,????????????????2025?320??????????????(GW)????2030????????600???????????????[25]??????????????,???????????????????

???????????????????????????????,????:???“??”,???????????????????????????;??????;????????,???????;???????

2. ????????????????????????????

?,??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????:?,?????????;??,?????;?;??????????????????;?????????????????????????

2024?????????,?????????????????????????????????????«????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????(??)????????????“?????????????”?????????????,?????????????,????????

???????????,?????????,??????????“?????”????????????????????????????“????????”??,???????,????

??????????????:?????????? - ?????????????

(???????????)???:?“????????????????????????”????

???????2006??????????,?????“?????”???????????????????«??????????????????????»«?»«???????»????????????????,??,?“?”??????????????????????????????,??????

?,“????”??“?????????????????”??????,???????????,???????????????2020???2?2026????12???????????????31???????????????????????,????????????????????????7230??,???3380?,3850???????,??????????????????????37%????????????????????????????2024?4??????????????,??????????879??,??????“????”???????25.7%?[26]

“????????????????????”(CEF)???????????«?»???,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027???????,?59.4??????[27]

“???”??????????????????????,?????????:“?????????”“??????”??“??????????????”?“?????????”???,“?”???????????“??????????????????????????????????????”???????????????,“??????????”???[28]“???”???????2023?,??????????2021-2022???????????????2273.5???????

(????)???:?????

???????????“??”?????????,?“??????????????”?,?!

?,????????????????????????,????????????,????????????,?????????????,????[29]

????????????????????8????????????????????20??????????????,???,???,??“???????????????????????????????????????”?????,????????????,??????“??????”?????“??????????????”???????????????????????,???????????,???????,???????????????,???????????“????????????”,??????????[30]

?????????????,?????2035???????,?????????????????????,????(???????????)?????????????????????????,???????,??????[31]

2024????????????????8???????9????????????????????,?????????(WT/DS626??????),[32]?????????????????????????????????????????????«??????????????»????????????6???????«?????????????»?1???2??????????????????10?17?????????????????19??????????????????????????????????????????????22????????32?????,?,????????????????????

(??????????????)??????????:??????????????“?”????????

???????????????,????????????,?????«???»«???»«???»?,??????????????????????????“?”????????????,?,?????“????????????”???????????????????????,???????

?,????????????????????,??????,?,???????????????,?“?????????????????????”?????????????????????????

???1957?«?????»???????????????????“??????”???????,????????????????????????«??????»????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????????“??????”????????????????????

?????????????????,2018??????2024??8????????????,?“???”??????,???????????????????????????????362?(?320???),??????????68??????(?????????????????21%),????????????????61??(??????????17%)?[33]???,??????????????????,??????????????“????????????????????????????”???????????????????????????

???????????|??????? ??? ????????????

???????

[1]???:

[2]?????????«??»??298?????????????????????51????????????????????????52??????????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]??????????????:????????????????????????????????,2024???4????????????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??????????:

[30]?????:

[31]

[32]?????????(WT/DS626????????????):

[33] ??????????????????????:???????