????:2024-08-23 21:57:22 ??:????
????:??????????:95????????
? ????????
2024???8???20??????????????????,??(AS689)????????????????????????,[1]??????????17%-36.3%???(?????????????????9%)???????2023?9???13??????,?????????????????????,????????????????2023???????10???????????????4?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????
???,?,???????,???????????????????(?????)???,??????????????????????????????????????«???????»????,????????????????????2019????????????????????????«?????????»????,???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2020??????????????????????,?????????????«?????????????????»,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,???????,????????????????????????,??
???????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
??????????????
(?)??????????,???????
1. ?????
?????????????,??????????????????1951???????????????,??(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«??????????????????»,?????????????????(ECSC),?????????,??????????????,?????????????
1957?????????????????????????,???????????«???????????»??«???????????????????????»????????(Euratom),???????(??????????????????????????????),????????????????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????(EEC),??????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????92??94?????????????????????(state aid),??????[2]
2. ???????????
1965????,??????????????????????????«????»,??????????????????????????,?,??????,???????????«??????????????????????»????????????????
1974????????????,???????«?????????????1985???»,?????1985????50%,???????,?????[3]
??????????,?,????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???,??
(?????????????)???????????????
1980??,???«???????????????1990??????»,???????????,???????????[4]???????1974??
1986??,??????«??????????????????????»,[5]??????,????,????????????????????
????????????????,??????,??????,???????
?????????????????????
1992???????,????«?????????»(???????????????«???»),???????(EU),?????????????????(EEC)??????????????(EC),???????????????«?»?????«?????»?????????
??????«??»????????????,??????,«??????»??????130?????,????????????????????????????
???,?????,?????????????????????????????
(????????)????????????????
1995??????????,?????????????????«???»???????????,???????????????????,???[6]
1997????????????????????,??«???:????????????????????????????????»??????????????????????????????,[7]??????,?,?????
2000???,???????????????????????????«??????»????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????[8]
????????,??????????,??
(????????????)????
??,???????????2006????????«??????????????????????????????????????????????»??????????????,???????????????????????????,??????????,?????,???[9]
2007???????,???«??????????»,??«????????»???«?????»,?????????????????«????????????????????????»???«??»????????,«????????»?88???4?????????,????????????????????,?????«?????»????????????????????????????????,?????????????????[10]
2010??????,?????????????????????«????????2020?????????»,????,??[11]
2011??????,?????«2050?»,????????????2020????????????????????????,??????????,??(????????????)?????????????????,?????????????????????[12]
???,???????????,??????????????
????????????????????????
??????????????«?????»?107????????????,??????????,???????(??????????),??????????????????????????????
??????????????????????:???????????,???,????,?????????????;??????,???????????
????????????????????2023?????7??????????WTO???????????????,[13]??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????????????2021-2022?????????????2273.5????????
????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????????,????
(??????????????????????)????????????????????????????????????
1. ???????????????????????????????
2014???,?«2030??»,?????????2030????????????????,????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????2030???????27%,???????????????????????????????[14]
2015??,????????«?????????»,??????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,??,????????????[15]
2018????????????,???????«?»,??????????2030????????????????32%,??????????????????????[16]
?,??????«?????????????????????????????????????»,???????2050?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,???????[17]
2. ???????????????????«??????»?????«?»???????????????????????????????????
2019?,?«???»,???????????????????,????????????????,???????????????????2030?????1990???????????55%??????2050???????????????
?????,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,«??????»???????????:?????????;????????????;?????,?????,???????????????????????????????,?????????,????????[18]
2020????????????????3?????,?????????????????«???»,?????:????;????????????????????;????????????????????2021??????????????5????????????[19]????,???,??????????,????????,?,???????????(IPCEI)???,????
2022?????????,???????????????????,???????????????,???REPowerEU?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,????????????,??????????2030??????45%,????????????????????[20]
3. ???????
2023??,?????«?????»,??????????????«??»,??????,????????????????????????????????????????????[21]
2024??,???«??????????????????????»?????«????????????????????????»?«??»?????????????????????????????????
«????????»????[22]???????????????????????????????;???????2030??????,?40%;?????????????????????(NZSPs),????,??;?«??????????»?,???????
«?????»?????????????????????????????,??2030?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,????-??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????
(???????)???????
1. ??
2018?????????????????????,?????????«????:????????????????»,????????????????????,?,?,??????(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????????)?
?????????????????(CEF),??,?????????????????????,??,?,????????????????????????
2. ??????????????????
2017??,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????,?,?????????????,????[23]
2018?????,????«???????????????»,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????[24]???????????????????????,??????:????????????????;??????,????????????????????;????,?????;?????????????????;?????????(??????????);??????????????
??????,??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,??????????
(??)?????????
1. ???
2022?????????????????,?????«??»,????????????????2025?320??????????????(GW)????2030????????600???????????????[25]??????????????,???????????????????
???????????????????????????????,????:?????,???????????????????????????;??????;????????,???????;???????
2. ????????????????????????????
?,??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????:?,?????????;??,?????;?;??????????????????;?????????????????????????
2024?????????,?????????????????????????????????????«????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????(??)??????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,????????
???????????,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,????
??????????????:?????????? - ?????????????
(???????????)???:?????????????????????????????
???????2006??????????,?????????????????????????????«??????????????????????»«?»«???????»????????????????,??,????????????????????????????????,??????
?,?????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????2020???2?2026????12???????????????31???????????????????????,????????????????????????7230??,???3380?,3850???????,??????????????????????37%????????????????????????????2024?4??????????????,??????????879??,?????????????????25.7%?[26]
????????????????????(CEF)???????????«?»???,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027???????,?59.4??????[27]
?????????????????????????,?????????:????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????[28]??????????2023?,??????????2021-2022???????????????2273.5???????
(????)???:?????
??????????????????????,????????????????,?!
?,????????????????????????,????????????,????????????,?????????????,????[29]
????????????????????8????????????????????20??????????????,???,???,??????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????,???????????????,???????????????????????,??????????[30]
?????????????,?????2035???????,?????????????????????,????(???????????)?????????????????????????,???????,??????[31]
2024????????????????8???????9????????????????????,?????????(WT/DS626??????),[32]?????????????????????????????????????????????«??????????????»????????????6???????«?????????????»?1???2??????????????????10?17?????????????????19??????????????????????????????????????????????22????????32?????,?,????????????????????
(??????????????)??????????:???????????????????????
???????????????,????????????,?????«???»«???»«???»?,???????????????????????????????????????,?,????????????????????????????????????????,???????
?,????????????????????,??????,?,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????
???1957?«?????»????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????«??????»????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????,2018??????2024??8????????????,??????????,???????????????????????????????362?(?320???),??????????68??????(?????????????????21%),????????????????61??(??????????17%)?[33]???,??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????|??????? ??? ????????????
???????
[1]???:
[2]?????????«??»??298?????????????????????51????????????????????????52??????????????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]??????????????:????????????????????????????????,2024???4????????????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??????????:
[30]?????:
[31]
[32]?????????(WT/DS626????????????):
[33] ??????????????????????:???????
????