????:“?????????????????”????????

????:????????:???????

??11???20??? ????:“????????????”??

??????????

??? ??

“????”?????????????????????“???”“?????,??”“????”?????????????????????,?????????“??”????????????????,???“????”,??????,??????????,????????

????:

?????????????:???

??:????,??????????,“????????????????????????”(???800???????200??)??,?????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,?????“?????”?

????,??“???”??????,??,???“??”“?”??,??,?????????????????,“????????????????”???,???“?????????????????”,???????????

??????????????????????

?????:“???????????????”??????

??????:?????(Louis Henkin)???????????????,“??,?????????????,??????,?????????????????”“????”?????????????,??“??”?????????“?????????”??(???),?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????

???????????????,“????????????”??,????????“??”,??,????????,?????«?????»??,????162????“??????”,???“????????????????????”????????????????????????,“?????????????????”(«???»),“????”(«?????????????????????????????»),?????“????????????,????”(«???????????»),??“??????,??”(«??????????????????»)?????“???????????,??”(«??????»,????«?????????»)?????,?????????“????????”????????

??,“?????”????,?????“???”,?????????????????????,???«???»???“????,????????????????????????,??,?”(«?????»)?????“?????,????????,??????????????????”(«???????????????????»)??????????????????“????????”??,?????????????????????????????????????“?????,?,???,??????????”(«?????????»)??????????????“????”?????,?,?????

???????????????????,“?”????,?“??”,????????????????????,???????????????,??????????????????????,???“????”????????????????????????????,???????,“????????????????????”????????????????“??????????”(«????»),????????????????,????????“????,???????”(«??????????»)?“?????”???“?????”(«????»)??????“??”(«??????»),????“?????????”(«????????»)???“?????”?????“?????”????????????,???“???????????????????????”“??”“?????????”?????,?????????“??”???????,?,????“???,??????????”(«?????»)?“?????,???”(«?????»)?

?????????????????,“??”???,?????“???”,??,?????????????,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????“???????”???????????????,???????????????“???????????????”?????????????,?????????????????“???”(«???????????????????»),?????,????????????“????????”?????????????????“??”“???????”,??????????“????????,?????????????????????????”(«????»)?“???????????????????,????”(«?????????????»),??????

????,“??”????“??”“???”“?????”“??”“???????”????,“???”??,“????”???????????????????,“???”??,“??”?????,“??”???????????,“???”???,??,????????

?????????????

????:??????????“????????????”????????????????????????

?????:“?????????”????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??,????,???????????,???????????????????????????????????????,??,??????????????????????,????,?????????????

????????“???????”??,????2300?????,????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????????,???????,??????“???????????????????”?????????????????????????,?????

??:????“????????????????”????????“?????”?

???:?????,“??????????????”??????????????????“??????????”???????????????“????????”,????:???“???”?????????????,??,????;????,??????,??,??????????????;????????,???????????,???????,???(??????????????)

??????:

????????????????

?????,??????????,????????????????????,???????????????????,???????,??«??????????»?????

???:??????