???????????? ??????

2024???????????????????????8????????????20?????????????,??????(AS689)????????????????????,[1]??17%-36.3%???????(?????????9%)?????????????2023?????????????????9??????????13??????????“????????????”?,????????,????????2023??10?????????????????????4??????????,???????????????????????????????????,????????????“?????”????,???

???????,??????????????????????,????????,???????????????????“????????????????????????”(???????????????????????????)???????,????????????????????????«????????????»???,????????????????????“???”?????????????????2019???????????????«??????????»????????,??????,?“????????????????”??2020???????????,???????????«??»,????,?“??????”?????????????,????????????????????,????,??

??“???????”??,??

????????????????????????????

(??)?????????????????????,???????????

1. ????

???????,?????????1951?,?(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«?»,????????????????????“????????????????”(ECSC),???????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????

1957??,????????????????«?????????????????????????????????????»?????????«??»????????????????????“???????????????”(Euratom),?????????????(???????????????????????),????????????,??,??????????“?????????????”(EEC),??????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????92????94???(state aid),??????????[2]

2. ?????

1965??????????????????,?«???????????????»,????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???,???????????????????????????????«?»?????????????????

1974??????,???????????«????1985?????????????»,???1985????50%,???????????????,??????[3]

???????,?????,???????????????????,??????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????

(???)??????????????????

1980?,?«?1990??????????????????????»,????,??????????????[4]????1974??????

1986????????????????????,???«????????»,[5]????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????

???????????????,????????????????,?????????,???????

???????????????????????????????????????

1992???,??????????????????«????????????????»(??????????????????????«??????????»),??“?????????????”(EU),????????????????????“???????????”(EEC)??????????“???”(EC),??????????????«??????????????»????????????«????????????????????????»????????????

????????«??????????????????????????»??????????,?????????????????????????,«??????????????»??130?,????

?????,??????????????,?“????”??????????????

(??????????????????)??

1995?????????????????????????????,????????«???????????»????,??????????,????????????[6]

1997????????????????,?????????????????«?????????????????:???????????????»???,[7]?,?,???????

2000??????????????,?????«????????»??,?,???[8]

????????????????????,???????????,??????????????????

(????)???????????????

????????,?????????????2006???????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????????»?????????????,??????????,????????,??,?????????????[9]

2007??????????????????,??????????«???????????????»,????????????«???????????????????»?«????????????????»,????????«???»????????«??»??????????????????????,«???????????»?88????????????4?????,???????????????????,?????????????????????????«?????????????»??“?”?????,????????????????????????????[10]

2010?????,???????????«???????2020???»,??,???????????????[11]

2011???????????????????????,?«2050????»,??2020??????,?????????,????????(????????????????????)???????????????,????????[12]

??,??????????,??????????

?????????“???????????????????????????????”????????????????????????

???«???????????????»??107????????????????????,????????????,??????(???????),????

?????“???????????????”??????????????:??????????,??????????????????,?????,????????????????????;???????????????,?????????????????????????????????

????2023???????7??????????????WTO?????,[13]????????????????????????????????????????,??“???????????????????”???????????????“????”??????????,????????????,?2021-2022?????2273.5??????

???,????????“???”??????????????????????????????,??????????????,?????????

(????????)????????????????????????????“??????”??????

1. ??????????????“??????????”??????????????

2014??,????????????????????«2030????????????????????????»,????????????????????2030???????????????????,???????,???????????????????,??????????????2030????27%,?????????[14]

2015?,??????????????????????????????«???????»,??????“??”,???????????????????????,????????????????????????“????”?,??????????????,???????????[15]

2018?????,???«?»,???2030?????32%,??????[16]

???????,??????«?????????????????»,?2050???????????????“?????”?????,???????“????????????”??????????,????????,??????,???????????????????????[17]

2. ???????«?????»???????«??????»??????????“??????”?????

2019?,???????????????«?»,???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,???2030?????????????1990??55%??2050??????????????“???”?????????????

????????????????,???????????“?”??,???????????????????????,?“?”?????????????????????????????,«??????»???????????????:?;???????????;?????,??,??????,?????????????????????,???????????[18]

2020??????????????3???????????,????«??????»,???????:???;???????“??????”;???2021????????????????5????????????????????????[19]?,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????,????????,???????????“????”(IPCEI)???,???????????????

2022??????,??????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,???“REPowerEU”??????,????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????2030????45%,??[20]

3. ????????????

2023???????,?«?»,????????????????«??????»,?????????,???????????????“????????????”???[21]

2024???,??«????????»???«???????????»?????????????????????????????«???????»??????????

«?????»????????????????????[22]??“?????”??????;??2030???,?40%;??????????????“???????????????????????”(NZSPs),????????,?;???«???»??,?????????

«???????????????????????»?????,?????2030????????,?????????,??????-????????????????????,???????“?”??

(?????????????)???

1. ???

2018??,???????????????«??????????:???????????????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,?“?????”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?

?????“?????????”(CEF),??????,?????????????????????????????????,??,??????,???????????

2. ????

2017???????????,???????????????“??????????????”,?,???????????,??????????????????,????????????[23]

2018?????????,????????«??»,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????[24]?????,???:?;????????????????????,?;????,???????;?;??(?);????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????,???,?????????????????“???”??????????????“?”???,????,???????????

(????)?????????????????

1. ???

2022??,?????????????????«???????????????????????????»,?2025???320?????????????????????(GW)?????????????????????????2030????????600????????????????????[25]??????????,????????????????

???,????????????????????:????????????“??”,???????????;?????????????????????;?????,????????????;???????

2. ???????????????????????????????

????,??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????????,?????????????;????????????????????,??????;?????????????????;???????????????;??

2024?????????,???????????????????????«???»,?????????????????????????????,?????????(????)????????????“???”???,??????,??????????

?,???????,??????“??????”????????????“?”???????,????,???????????????????????

??????????????????????????:? - ?????

(????????????????)?????????:?“??????????????????????”???????????????????

??????????????2006?????,????????????????“???”???????????«??????????»«??»«?»??????????????????????,????????????????,?????“??”?????????????????,???

?????????????????,“????????????????????????”????????“??????”????,????????,??????????2020?????2?2026??????12????????31?????????,????????????????????????7230????,???????3380?????????????,3850?????????????????,??????????????37%?????????????????2024???????4??????,??????879???????,?????????????????????“?????????”?25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)???????????????????«?????????????»???????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????2021-2027????,??????????????????????59.4??[27]

“?????”???????,????????:“??????????????”“???”??????????“?”?“???”??????,“?????????????????”??????“????????????”????,“?????????”??[28]“???”??????????????????????????2023??????,?2021-2022????????2273.5???????

(?????????????)?????????????:????????????

?“?????”??????,?“??”??????????,????!

???????????????,?????,?????????????????,?????????????,??????????,???????????????????????[29]

??????8?????20?????,?????,??????,??????“?????????????????”???????,????,??????????“????????????????”???????????“???????????????????”??????????????,??????????,????????,?????,???????????????“?????????????????”,???????????????????????????????[30]

??????,???????????????????????2035?????,???????????????????,???????(?????)??????????,?????????,??[31]

2024??8???????????????9?,???????(WT/DS626???????????),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????«???»??????????6???«??????????»?1????????2???????????10?????17???????????????????????????19???22????32????????????,?????,??????????????????????????????

(?????????????)?????????????:????????????????????????“???”???????????????

???????,????????????,???«?»«????»«??????????????????????????»???,???“?????????????”????,?????,???????????????“?????”???????,???

???????????,???,??????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????“???”????????????????????????????????

?????1957???«?????????»??????????????“??????”?????????????,?????????????????????«??????»????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????????“????????????????????????”????????????????????

?,2018??2024????8??,??“????”???????,??????????????????????????????????????362???????????????????????????(?????????????????320????????????????????????),?????????????????68??????????????(??21%),??????61??(?????????17%)?[33]???????????,??????????????,???????“???”???????????????

??????|???????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???

??????

[1]??????????:

[2]?????????????????????«?????????????????»???298??51?52???????????????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????????????:??????????,2024?????????4????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??????????????????????:

[30]???????:

[31]

[32]???????(WT/DS626????????):

[33] ???:???? “??????1500”????

?? ???“??????”????????????

???“??????”????????????
??
2024-08-23 21:58:43

????:1???????1500:??????????

2????????

3???????

4?????2024??

5???????

???????????? ??????

2024???????????????????????8????????????20?????????????,??????(AS689)????????????????????,[1]??17%-36.3%???????(?????????9%)?????????????2023?????????????????9??????????13??????????“????????????”?,????????,????????2023??10?????????????????????4??????????,???????????????????????????????????,????????????“?????”????,???

???????,??????????????????????,????????,???????????????????“????????????????????????”(???????????????????????????)???????,????????????????????????«????????????»???,????????????????????“???”?????????????????2019???????????????«??????????»????????,??????,?“????????????????”??2020???????????,???????????«??»,????,?“??????”?????????????,????????????????????,????,??

??“???????”??,??

????????????????????????????

(??)?????????????????????,???????????

1. ????

???????,?????????1951?,?(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«?»,????????????????????“????????????????”(ECSC),???????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????

1957??,????????????????«?????????????????????????????????????»?????????«??»????????????????????“???????????????”(Euratom),?????????????(???????????????????????),????????????,??,??????????“?????????????”(EEC),??????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????92????94???(state aid),??????????[2]

2. ?????

1965??????????????????,?«???????????????»,????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???,???????????????????????????????«?»?????????????????

1974??????,???????????«????1985?????????????»,???1985????50%,???????????????,??????[3]

???????,?????,???????????????????,??????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????

(???)??????????????????

1980?,?«?1990??????????????????????»,????,??????????????[4]????1974??????

1986????????????????????,???«????????»,[5]????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????

???????????????,????????????????,?????????,???????

???????????????????????????????????????

1992???,??????????????????«????????????????»(??????????????????????«??????????»),??“?????????????”(EU),????????????????????“???????????”(EEC)??????????“???”(EC),??????????????«??????????????»????????????«????????????????????????»????????????

????????«??????????????????????????»??????????,?????????????????????????,«??????????????»??130?,????

?????,??????????????,?“????”??????????????

(??????????????????)??

1995?????????????????????????????,????????«???????????»????,??????????,????????????[6]

1997????????????????,?????????????????«?????????????????:???????????????»???,[7]?,?,???????

2000??????????????,?????«????????»??,?,???[8]

????????????????????,???????????,??????????????????

(????)???????????????

????????,?????????????2006???????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????????»?????????????,??????????,????????,??,?????????????[9]

2007??????????????????,??????????«???????????????»,????????????«???????????????????»?«????????????????»,????????«???»????????«??»??????????????????????,«???????????»?88????????????4?????,???????????????????,?????????????????????????«?????????????»??“?”?????,????????????????????????????[10]

2010?????,???????????«???????2020???»,??,???????????????[11]

2011???????????????????????,?«2050????»,??2020??????,?????????,????????(????????????????????)???????????????,????????[12]

??,??????????,??????????

?????????“???????????????????????????????”????????????????????????

???«???????????????»??107????????????????????,????????????,??????(???????),????

?????“???????????????”??????????????:??????????,??????????????????,?????,????????????????????;???????????????,?????????????????????????????????

????2023???????7??????????????WTO?????,[13]????????????????????????????????????????,??“???????????????????”???????????????“????”??????????,????????????,?2021-2022?????2273.5??????

???,????????“???”??????????????????????????????,??????????????,?????????

(????????)????????????????????????????“??????”??????

1. ??????????????“??????????”??????????????

2014??,????????????????????«2030????????????????????????»,????????????????????2030???????????????????,???????,???????????????????,??????????????2030????27%,?????????[14]

2015?,??????????????????????????????«???????»,??????“??”,???????????????????????,????????????????????????“????”?,??????????????,???????????[15]

2018?????,???«?»,???2030?????32%,??????[16]

???????,??????«?????????????????»,?2050???????????????“?????”?????,???????“????????????”??????????,????????,??????,???????????????????????[17]

2. ???????«?????»???????«??????»??????????“??????”?????

2019?,???????????????«?»,???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,???2030?????????????1990??55%??2050??????????????“???”?????????????

????????????????,???????????“?”??,???????????????????????,?“?”?????????????????????????????,«??????»???????????????:?;???????????;?????,??,??????,?????????????????????,???????????[18]

2020??????????????3???????????,????«??????»,???????:???;???????“??????”;???2021????????????????5????????????????????????[19]?,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????,????????,???????????“????”(IPCEI)???,???????????????

2022??????,??????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,???“REPowerEU”??????,????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????2030????45%,??[20]

3. ????????????

2023???????,?«?»,????????????????«??????»,?????????,???????????????“????????????”???[21]

2024???,??«????????»???«???????????»?????????????????????????????«???????»??????????

«?????»????????????????????[22]??“?????”??????;??2030???,?40%;??????????????“???????????????????????”(NZSPs),????????,?;???«???»??,?????????

«???????????????????????»?????,?????2030????????,?????????,??????-????????????????????,???????“?”??

(?????????????)???

1. ???

2018??,???????????????«??????????:???????????????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,?“?????”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?

?????“?????????”(CEF),??????,?????????????????????????????????,??,??????,???????????

2. ????

2017???????????,???????????????“??????????????”,?,???????????,??????????????????,????????????[23]

2018?????????,????????«??»,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????[24]?????,???:?;????????????????????,?;????,???????;?;??(?);????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????,???,?????????????????“???”??????????????“?”???,????,???????????

(????)?????????????????

1. ???

2022??,?????????????????«???????????????????????????»,?2025???320?????????????????????(GW)?????????????????????????2030????????600????????????????????[25]??????????,????????????????

???,????????????????????:????????????“??”,???????????;?????????????????????;?????,????????????;???????

2. ???????????????????????????????

????,??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????????,?????????????;????????????????????,??????;?????????????????;???????????????;??

2024?????????,???????????????????????«???»,?????????????????????????????,?????????(????)????????????“???”???,??????,??????????

?,???????,??????“??????”????????????“?”???????,????,???????????????????????

??????????????????????????:? - ?????

(????????????????)?????????:?“??????????????????????”???????????????????

??????????????2006?????,????????????????“???”???????????«??????????»«??»«?»??????????????????????,????????????????,?????“??”?????????????????,???

?????????????????,“????????????????????????”????????“??????”????,????????,??????????2020?????2?2026??????12????????31?????????,????????????????????????7230????,???????3380?????????????,3850?????????????????,??????????????37%?????????????????2024???????4??????,??????879???????,?????????????????????“?????????”?25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)???????????????????«?????????????»???????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????2021-2027????,??????????????????????59.4??[27]

“?????”???????,????????:“??????????????”“???”??????????“?”?“???”??????,“?????????????????”??????“????????????”????,“?????????”??[28]“???”??????????????????????????2023??????,?2021-2022????????2273.5???????

(?????????????)?????????????:????????????

?“?????”??????,?“??”??????????,????!

???????????????,?????,?????????????????,?????????????,??????????,???????????????????????[29]

??????8?????20?????,?????,??????,??????“?????????????????”???????,????,??????????“????????????????”???????????“???????????????????”??????????????,??????????,????????,?????,???????????????“?????????????????”,???????????????????????????????[30]

??????,???????????????????????2035?????,???????????????????,???????(?????)??????????,?????????,??[31]

2024??8???????????????9?,???????(WT/DS626???????????),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????«???»??????????6???«??????????»?1????????2???????????10?????17???????????????????????????19???22????32????????????,?????,??????????????????????????????

(?????????????)?????????????:????????????????????????“???”???????????????

???????,????????????,???«?»«????»«??????????????????????????»???,???“?????????????”????,?????,???????????????“?????”???????,???

???????????,???,??????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????“???”????????????????????????????????

?????1957???«?????????»??????????????“??????”?????????????,?????????????????????«??????»????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????????“????????????????????????”????????????????????

?,2018??2024????8??,??“????”???????,??????????????????????????????????????362???????????????????????????(?????????????????320????????????????????????),?????????????????68??????????????(??21%),??????61??(?????????17%)?[33]???????????,??????????????,???????“???”???????????????

??????|???????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???

??????

[1]??????????:

[2]?????????????????????«?????????????????»???298??51?52???????????????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????????????:??????????,2024?????????4????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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