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????:1???????1500:??????????
2????????
3???????
4?????2024??
5???????
???????????? ??????
2024???????????????????????8????????????20?????????????,??????(AS689)????????????????????,[1]??17%-36.3%???????(?????????9%)?????????????2023?????????????????9??????????13???????????????????????,????????,????????2023??10?????????????????????4??????????,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???
???????,??????????????????????,????????,???????????????????????????????????????????(???????????????????????????)???????,????????????????????????«????????????»???,????????????????????????????????????????2019???????????????«??????????»????????,??????,???????????????????2020???????????,???????????«??»,????,????????????????????,????????????????????,????,??
???????????,??
????????????????????????????
(??)?????????????????????,???????????
1. ????
???????,?????????1951?,?(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«?»,????????????????????????????????????(ECSC),???????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????
1957??,????????????????«?????????????????????????????????????»?????????«??»???????????????????????????????????(Euratom),?????????????(???????????????????????),????????????,??,???????????????????????(EEC),??????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????92????94???(state aid),??????????[2]
2. ?????
1965??????????????????,?«???????????????»,????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???,???????????????????????????????«?»?????????????????
1974??????,???????????«????1985?????????????»,???1985????50%,???????????????,??????[3]
???????,?????,???????????????????,??????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????
(???)??????????????????
1980?,?«?1990??????????????????????»,????,??????????????[4]????1974??????
1986????????????????????,???«????????»,[5]????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????
???????????????,????????????????,?????????,???????
???????????????????????????????????????
1992???,??????????????????«????????????????»(??????????????????????«??????????»),???????????????(EU),???????????????????????????????(EEC)?????????????(EC),??????????????«??????????????»????????????«????????????????????????»????????????
????????«??????????????????????????»??????????,?????????????????????????,«??????????????»??130?,????
?????,??????????????,???????????????????
(??????????????????)??
1995?????????????????????????????,????????«???????????»????,??????????,????????????[6]
1997????????????????,?????????????????«?????????????????:???????????????»???,[7]?,?,???????
2000??????????????,?????«????????»??,?,???[8]
????????????????????,???????????,??????????????????
(????)???????????????
????????,?????????????2006???????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????????»?????????????,??????????,????????,??,?????????????[9]
2007??????????????????,??????????«???????????????»,????????????«???????????????????»?«????????????????»,????????«???»????????«??»??????????????????????,«???????????»?88????????????4?????,???????????????????,?????????????????????????«?????????????»????????,????????????????????????????[10]
2010?????,???????????«???????2020???»,??,???????????????[11]
2011???????????????????????,?«2050????»,??2020??????,?????????,????????(????????????????????)???????????????,????????[12]
??,??????????,??????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???«???????????????»??107????????????????????,????????????,??????(???????),????
??????????????????????????????????:??????????,??????????????????,?????,????????????????????;???????????????,?????????????????????????????????
????2023???????7??????????????WTO?????,[13]????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,?2021-2022?????2273.5??????
???,?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,?????????
(????????)????????????????????????????????????????
1. ??????????????????????????????????????
2014??,????????????????????«2030????????????????????????»,????????????????????2030???????????????????,???????,???????????????????,??????????????2030????27%,?????????[14]
2015?,??????????????????????????????«???????»,????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????????????,???????????[15]
2018?????,???«?»,???2030?????32%,??????[16]
???????,??????«?????????????????»,?2050?????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????,??????,???????????????????????[17]
2. ???????«?????»???????«??????»?????????????????????
2019?,???????????????«?»,???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,???2030?????????????1990??55%??2050??????????????????????????????
????????????????,??????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,«??????»???????????????:?;???????????;?????,??,??????,?????????????????????,???????????[18]
2020??????????????3???????????,????«??????»,???????:???;?????????????;???2021????????????????5????????????????????????[19]?,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????,????????,???????????????(IPCEI)???,???????????????
2022??????,??????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,???REPowerEU??????,????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????2030????45%,??[20]
3. ????????????
2023???????,?«?»,????????????????«??????»,?????????,??????????????????????????????[21]
2024???,??«????????»???«???????????»?????????????????????????????«???????»??????????
«?????»????????????????????[22]?????????????;??2030???,?40%;?????????????????????????????????????(NZSPs),????????,?;???«???»??,?????????
«???????????????????????»?????,?????2030????????,?????????,??????-????????????????????,??????????
(?????????????)???
1. ???
2018??,???????????????«??????????:???????????????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,??????(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?
??????????????(CEF),??????,?????????????????????????????????,??,??????,???????????
2. ????
2017???????????,?????????????????????????????,?,???????????,??????????????????,????????????[23]
2018?????????,????????«??»,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????[24]?????,???:?;????????????????????,?;????,???????;?;??(?);????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????,???,??????????????????????????????????????,????,???????????
(????)?????????????????
1. ???
2022??,?????????????????«???????????????????????????»,?2025???320?????????????????????(GW)?????????????????????????2030????????600????????????????????[25]??????????,????????????????
???,????????????????????:??????????????,???????????;?????????????????????;?????,????????????;???????
2. ???????????????????????????????
????,??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????????,?????????????;????????????????????,??????;?????????????????;???????????????;??
2024?????????,???????????????????????«???»,?????????????????????????????,?????????(????)??????????????????,??????,??????????
?,???????,????????????????????????????????,????,???????????????????????
??????????????????????????:? - ?????
(????????????????)?????????:??????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????2006?????,??????????????????????????????«??????????»«??»«?»??????????????????????,????????????????,????????????????????????,???
?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,????????,??????????2020?????2?2026??????12????????31?????????,????????????????????????7230????,???????3380?????????????,3850?????????????????,??????????????37%?????????????????2024???????4??????,??????879???????,???????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
?(CEF)???????????????????«?????????????»???????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????2021-2027????,??????????????????????59.4??[27]
????????????,????????:??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,???????????[28]?????????????????????????????2023??????,?2021-2022????????2273.5???????
(?????????????)?????????????:????????????
????????????,?????????????,????!
???????????????,?????,?????????????????,?????????????,??????????,???????????????????????[29]
??????8?????20?????,?????,??????,??????????????????????????????,????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,????????,?????,????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????[30]
??????,???????????????????????2035?????,???????????????????,???????(?????)??????????,?????????,??[31]
2024??8???????????????9?,???????(WT/DS626???????????),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????«???»??????????6???«??????????»?1????????2???????????10?????17???????????????????????????19???22????32????????????,?????,??????????????????????????????
(?????????????)?????????????:??????????????????????????????????????????
???????,????????????,???«?»«????»«??????????????????????????»???,????????????????????,?????,???????????????????????????,???
???????????,???,??????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????1957???«?????????»?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????«??????»????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?,2018??2024????8??,?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????362???????????????????????????(?????????????????320????????????????????????),?????????????????68??????????????(??21%),??????61??(?????????17%)?[33]???????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????
??????|???????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???
??????
[1]??????????:
[2]?????????????????????«?????????????????»???298??51?52???????????????????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???????????????:??????????,2024?????????4????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??????????????????????:
[30]???????:
[31]
[32]???????(WT/DS626????????):
[33] ???:????