????75?????(?????????)

????:???????:???????????

???????75??????????75???????,?????????????,??????????????,?????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????,?????????????????

????,???,????????????,2023?????223??????????GDP????????89??????43.6????……???????75???,“????”????75???????????,????????“??”??????????,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????

?????????? ?????????????????

?7.9%

???????????????????????

??,????????????????,???????????????????,??,???????????????????1952??679????????,???????????1978???3679??????????;?????????,??,1986?1???,2000?????10??,2006???20?????????,?????????????12??????????????10???????,2020??100??????????,2023????????????126???,???????????????????????,2023???1952????????????????223??????????,?????????????7.9%;???,19792023????????8.9%,??????????????????????????????3.0%????????????????????????

?????GDP??????????????????8.9???????????????????

?????????????

1952???????????????????,???????GDP??????????????119????????????????????????,???,??????????????????????GDP????????????2019?,????????GDP???70078???????,??????????????????10158??,??1??;2023??????89358??,????1952??89??,???????6.5%,?????????????12681?????????????????,????????????????3?????????1.2??????????????????????????????????,2023???????????(GNI)????1.34????????????,?????

???????

??????

?,????,????1952???????????????,?????????????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%???????,??????????????,??

?,?,??????????,???,??2023???,??????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%??????????,???????????????????9????????1.3??,?????????????????????????,???,???????????????,???,????????“??????????+”?????????????

“????”???22.4????

?????????

??,??,?????,???????????????????,?????????????

20132023?????????,????????8.7%?10.3%,???,????????????5G?????,“????????”?????????,??????????????????????????

?2023????????,?421?????????????;?,??????????????????????????????

??????,?????????????????????,“?????”?????????????2023?????????,???“???”?22.4?????,?GDP??17.73%?

??????

?????

1949??2.2????????????,??8.1????,????????75??????????,?,??,??????????????????,???????????????

2023????????,??15.9?,???????????????1949????????????6?????,???4.5??????????,?????????2/3??;??????????544?????,?????????66????????????,?????????????18.4???,????;??12.8??????,????74.1%;????????????876????????????,2023???????????1.7???????????,???????????2016?10?,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????

??????3.92??????????

?????

1949????49.7???????????1978???,???????????????171??,??????151???????,??????????????????????,????????????????????,???,???????????,??????????2023???,??39218???,??1949????76???,?6.0%;????????????????26796????????????,????????1956????????36??????????????????????????,??5.5%?

?????????,??????????????,?????????2023?????????,??????????29.8%,?????????1978??34.1????;??45.2%,?????????2013??5.5????????????????,????????????,????2023?????,???????????49.7???,????????????145.9??????????????????????????????,??2013?2.9???2.1???????????

?????????

??

?????????????,????????????????????????????,??????????

??????????????,????????????????,??????????,?????,????,????????????,???

2023????????????,????????????????????10.66????,?1989????????????????10.09????????????;???????2.44????????????3.02????????,?1994?1.64??2.84????????????????????,?,??????????,???

9899???

???????

?????????????????????,?????????????????????????20???????????5070???,??????????????,???????????????????????,??“???”??????????,??????????????????????????,???????????

???????,?,????8??,???2020???9899?????,832???????????,12.8??????????????????,?,?????????????????,?????10??«?2030?????????????»?,?????,?????????????

???60%

?

?,????????????,???????????,???

2023????,???????????????????????????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;?????????????????????????1.6???4542???,??????????1949????6.4????????103?????,????????????(OECD)????????????

?,??????,???????2023???????,?????????????????????????????60%,????;????1982???????8????11.05??????????,??????????????????

???????

????

1950????????????????,????????????11.3??????????,????????1978????????????206??????????????,??????????,2001??????????????,????????????,???

????????,??????????,????????,???????????1978??????????1%???????????2023?????????12.4%,??????????7?????????“?????”????????????,?????150??30???????230??????“??????????”?????,??25??200???,?????????“??????”?

??????????????

????????????

???????????,????,????????????,???,????1999?,???????????????????????????????????????2012???????????,????????,???????4.9,????????????1952????8.1?

???,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????20132023?????,??????????????????????6.9%?7.1%,????????2023??????????,??????46.7%?24.4%,???????????????????2012??????????????2.9??0.9??????

?????????46.3????

???

?????,?????,???1956?“??????????????”??,???????????????????,?,??????????,??????????

?????,???????,?,????????????????????????????????????????,?“???????”,???????????????????,??11??,??????,????????2023???,???,??????????46.3?????

??????????????66%

??

?????????????????????,??1949?????????10.64%,1978?17.92%????,?????????????????????????????,??????????????2023??,??????????9.3?,?1978??????????????7.6??;??????????66.16%,?48.24??

????,?????????,??,?????????2023?,???????48.3%,??2015??????8.4???????????????????????????,?,??????,??????2012???2.88:1?2023??????????2.39:1?2023???????,????????????12.4:1,??????2013?1.4?2023?????????460???????????????,????????99%???,????????14.4??

??????3246????6833?

?

1949????????,?????????????,?????????,?????,???????????2023??,????3246????????6833?????????????????,????????????????1949???????59???325?????????;????????119??????????????(??????)?

???????,????,?,?????????????,???????????2022??????????,?4.46%,?2013??0.77????;???????????????2012??????????888??2023?1622??????????????

????????78.6??

????????

??????,?,???????????75?,??????????????,????,????2023?,??????????107??,???????????????????1017??,??????????1249????????????

?????????,??,????,??2023????,?13.34??,?????????????2018??????????????95%????????????2023??,?????????78.6??????????,????????????1949????43.6?????????,?????

?????24.02%

??????????????????????????

20?????????50???,????,???????,??????????,?“????????”?????2022??????,???9014???,??????????????????20??????????80??????????????25??30?;?????????????18%,???

?????????????,“?”???????????24.02%?2023?????????????,???????(PM2.5)?????????2016?????????????????????28.6%,????????????21.6????????????,??????????????????????????????,????“??”?“?”,???(?????????????) ?????????:????????????