? ????

2024??????????8??20?????????,????????????????????????(AS689)????????,[1]????17%-36.3%?????(????????9%)???2023??????9?13??????????????????????“???”???????????????????????,???,???2023???????10?????????4??????????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????“???????????????”???????????????,?????????

???????????,??,?????????????????????????,??“?????”(?????????)??????,???????????????????????????«???????»?????,?????“???????????????????”???????????????????????2019??«????????????????????»????????????????????????,????????,?????“????????”??2020??,???«????????????????????????»,??????,??????“????????????”???,?????????????,??????????????,??

?????????????????“????????”?????????????????,???????????

????????

(????????????)???????????,???????????

1. ??????

???????????,??????????????1951???,???????????????????????(????????????????????????????)?«?????????????????????????????»,??“????????????????????????”(ECSC),?????????????,??,??????????????

1957??????,????«???????????????????»???????????«???????»????“???????????”(Euratom),?????????????(????????????????????????),???,?????????????????,????????????“??”(EEC),????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????92???????????94??????(state aid),???????????????????[2]

2. ???

1965????????????????,?«?»,????????????,??????????,????,??????????«??»??????????????????????

1974??????????,??????????«???1985????????»,?????1985????50%,?????????????,???????[3]

?,???????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????,????????

(??????????????)??

1980?????,?????????????«???1990???????????????»,???????,??????????[4]???????1974?????

1986?,???????«???»,[5]??????????????,??????????????,????

????????????????????????,???????????,???,??

???????????????????????

1992???????????,?«??????»(????????????«????»),??????????????????“??????”(EU),?????????????????“?????????????????????”(EEC)??????“?????”(EC),??????????????«???????????????????????»???????????????«???»???????????

????????«?»?????????????,??????????????????,«????????????????????»??130?,??

???????????,????,?“??”???????????

(???????????????????)???????

1995??????,??«?????»????????????????????,?????????,?????????[6]

1997???,?????????????«????????????:??????????»?,[7]?????????,????,??????????????????

2000???,??????????????????????????????«?????????????????»????????????????,???,?????[8]

??????????????????????????,????????,????????????????????????

(???)??????

???????????????????????,??????????2006??????????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????????»????????????????????,????????,??????,?????,????[9]

2007?,?????????????????«??????????»,?????«?»????????????«??????»,??«???»?????????«????????????»????,«???????»????88??????????????????????????4?????????????,??????,???«????»???????“????????????????”????,??????????????????????????????????[10]

2010??,???????????????«????2020??????????????????????????»,?,????????????????????[11]

2011???????????????,?????????????«2050?????»,???????????2020???????????????,?????????????,???(??????)???????????????,??????????????????[12]

???????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????????

????“??????”????????????????????????????????

???????????«?????????????????????»????????????????107????,???????????????????????,??????????????(???????????????),????????????????????

??????????“?”?????????????????:???,???????????????????,?,?????;?????????????,????????????

????????????2023??????7???WTO???,[13]????????????????????????????????????????,??“?”?“??”?,?????????????,?????2021-2022???2273.5???????????????????

?????,???????“??????????”??????,????????,???????????????????????

(?)???“????????”???

1. ????“??????????????”???????????????????????????

2014???????,???????????«2030??????????»,?????????????????????????2030??????????????????????,???????,????,????2030??????27%,????????????????[14]

2015????????????,?????????????????????«????»,????????????“???”,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????“?”???????????,???????????????????,??????????[15]

2018?????????????,??????«?»,???2030??32%,????????????[16]

??????????????????,???????????????«?????????????????????????»,???????????????2050?“??????”???????,???????????“???????????????????????????????????”???????????????,???????????????,?,????[17]

2. ???«?????????????»??«?????»??????????“????”?

2019????????????????????????,???????????«?»,?????????????,???,??????2030?????????1990??????55%???????????2050?????“???????”????????????????

??,???“????????????????????”??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“??????”?????????????????????????????,«????????????????»?????:?????????????????????;???????????????????????????????????????????;??????????????????,??????????????????,????????,??????????????????,???????[18]

2020??????3??????,???????«???»,???????????:?;??????“????????????????????”;???????????????2021??????????????5??????????????[19]??????????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,???????????????????????,??,???????????“????”(IPCEI)??????,????

2022????????????????????????,??,?????????????????????,???????“REPowerEU”????????????????,???????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????2030??????????????45%,???????????????[20]

3. ?

2023??????,??????«??»,???«?»,???,?????“?”???[21]

2024??????????????????????,????????????????????????«??????????»??????«???????????????????»??????«?????????????»??????

«?»?????????????[22]??“?????”?????;????????????????2030???????????????,???????????????????????????40%;?????????“?”(NZSPs),?????????????????,??????????;?«?»??,????????????????

«?????»?????????,?2030????????????????????,?,?????-???????????????????????????,????????????????????????“???????”???????

(?????)????

1. ?????

2018????????????,??????«?:??????????????»,????????,?????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????“??”(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????????)?

??“??????????????????”(CEF),?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,????????,????????????????????????????

2. ?????????????????????

2017???????,????????????????“???”,???,?????????????????,??????????,???[23]

2018??,???«??????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????,???????[24]?????,????:?????;?????????????,???????;???,???;????????????????;???????????(?);????

?,????????,?????????????????????????“?????????”???????“???????????????”?????????,??????????????,???????????????????

(??????????)???

1. ???????

2022??????????????,???????«???»,?????2025??320????(GW)?????????2030?????????????600??[25]??????????,??????????????????????

?????,?????:????????????????????????“?????????????????????????????”,?;????????????;??,?;??

2. ??????????????????????????

??,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????,???;???????????????????????????????,??????????????;????;????????????????;???????????????????????

2024????????,????????????????«??????????????????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????,?????(???????????????)????????????????????????????“?”??????????,?????,????????????

???????,???????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????“??????”??????????????????“???????”????????,????????????,?????????????????????????

?????????:?????????? - ???????????????????

(???????????)?????:?????????????????????“????????”????????????????????

??2006??????????????,??????????????“??????”????????????????«???????????????»«??»«?»???,??????????,??“?”????????,?????

???????,“??????”???????“????????????????”??????,??????,????????2020?2??2026?12??????????????31?????????,??????????????7230????????????????????????,???????????????3380?????????????????????????????,3850???????????????????????????,?37%??????????????????????????????????????????????????????2024??4???????????????,???????879?,???????????????“??????????????”????25.7%?[26]

“??????????????????????????????”(CEF)???«??????»??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????2021-2027???,??59.4??[27]

“??????”?,?????????:“?????”“??????????????????????”???????“?”?“?????????”?????????????????,“???”??????“???????????”??????????,“????????????”????[28]“?????????”?????????2023????,??2021-2022????????????2273.5??

(??????)??:???

???????“??????”?????????????????,????“???”??????????,?!

??????????,?,????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????,??[29]

?8??????????????20??????,???,???,?????“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”?,????,???????“???????”???????????????“?”???????????????,????????????????,?????????,?????????????????,????????????????????“??”,???[30]

?,??2035?,??????????????????????????,????????(????????????????)?????????????????????????????????,??????????,???[31]

2024?????8?????????????9??????????????????????????,?(WT/DS626???),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«??»??????6????????«?»????????????????1???????2???????????????????10?????17????????????????????????????19?????????????????????????????????????????????22????????????32??,?????????,??

(??????)?:?“?”?

?,?????????,???????????«??»«???????????»«?»?,???“?”??????????????????,??????????????????????,??????“?”???????????????????????????????????????????,??????

????????,??,??????????,???,?????????????????,??“?????”????

???????1957?????«???????»?????????????????“?????????????”???????????????????????,??«????????????????????»???????????????,????????????????????????????,??????????????“????????????”???????????????????????

?????????,2018??????2024?????????8?????,??????????????????????????????“??????????????”?,???????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????(?320???????????????????),??????????????????68????????(???????????????21%),???61??????????(??????????17%)?[33]??,???????????????????,?????????“????”????????

????????????????????|????????? ??? ??????

????????????????

[1]?????:

[2]????«????????????»????298??????????51???????????????????52??????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]????????:???????????????,2024??4??????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?:

[30]????????????????????????????????:

[31]

[32]??(WT/DS626?????):

[33] ??????:????? 宿迁喝茶记附近约

?? ??????“????????????”???

??????“????????????”???
??
2024-08-25 22:06:56

????:1???????:???????????

2????????wx

3???98??

4??????16?14?

5??????????

? ????

2024??????????8??20?????????,????????????????????????(AS689)????????,[1]????17%-36.3%?????(????????9%)???2023??????9?13??????????????????????“???”???????????????????????,???,???2023???????10?????????4??????????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????“???????????????”???????????????,?????????

???????????,??,?????????????????????????,??“?????”(?????????)??????,???????????????????????????«???????»?????,?????“???????????????????”???????????????????????2019??«????????????????????»????????????????????????,????????,?????“????????”??2020??,???«????????????????????????»,??????,??????“????????????”???,?????????????,??????????????,??

?????????????????“????????”?????????????????,???????????

????????

(????????????)???????????,???????????

1. ??????

???????????,??????????????1951???,???????????????????????(????????????????????????????)?«?????????????????????????????»,??“????????????????????????”(ECSC),?????????????,??,??????????????

1957??????,????«???????????????????»???????????«???????»????“???????????”(Euratom),?????????????(????????????????????????),???,?????????????????,????????????“??”(EEC),????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????92???????????94??????(state aid),???????????????????[2]

2. ???

1965????????????????,?«?»,????????????,??????????,????,??????????«??»??????????????????????

1974??????????,??????????«???1985????????»,?????1985????50%,?????????????,???????[3]

?,???????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????,????????

(??????????????)??

1980?????,?????????????«???1990???????????????»,???????,??????????[4]???????1974?????

1986?,???????«???»,[5]??????????????,??????????????,????

????????????????????????,???????????,???,??

???????????????????????

1992???????????,?«??????»(????????????«????»),??????????????????“??????”(EU),?????????????????“?????????????????????”(EEC)??????“?????”(EC),??????????????«???????????????????????»???????????????«???»???????????

????????«?»?????????????,??????????????????,«????????????????????»??130?,??

???????????,????,?“??”???????????

(???????????????????)???????

1995??????,??«?????»????????????????????,?????????,?????????[6]

1997???,?????????????«????????????:??????????»?,[7]?????????,????,??????????????????

2000???,??????????????????????????????«?????????????????»????????????????,???,?????[8]

??????????????????????????,????????,????????????????????????

(???)??????

???????????????????????,??????????2006??????????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????????»????????????????????,????????,??????,?????,????[9]

2007?,?????????????????«??????????»,?????«?»????????????«??????»,??«???»?????????«????????????»????,«???????»????88??????????????????????????4?????????????,??????,???«????»???????“????????????????”????,??????????????????????????????????[10]

2010??,???????????????«????2020??????????????????????????»,?,????????????????????[11]

2011???????????????,?????????????«2050?????»,???????????2020???????????????,?????????????,???(??????)???????????????,??????????????????[12]

???????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????????

????“??????”????????????????????????????????

???????????«?????????????????????»????????????????107????,???????????????????????,??????????????(???????????????),????????????????????

??????????“?”?????????????????:???,???????????????????,?,?????;?????????????,????????????

????????????2023??????7???WTO???,[13]????????????????????????????????????????,??“?”?“??”?,?????????????,?????2021-2022???2273.5???????????????????

?????,???????“??????????”??????,????????,???????????????????????

(?)???“????????”???

1. ????“??????????????”???????????????????????????

2014???????,???????????«2030??????????»,?????????????????????????2030??????????????????????,???????,????,????2030??????27%,????????????????[14]

2015????????????,?????????????????????«????»,????????????“???”,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????“?”???????????,???????????????????,??????????[15]

2018?????????????,??????«?»,???2030??32%,????????????[16]

??????????????????,???????????????«?????????????????????????»,???????????????2050?“??????”???????,???????????“???????????????????????????????????”???????????????,???????????????,?,????[17]

2. ???«?????????????»??«?????»??????????“????”?

2019????????????????????????,???????????«?»,?????????????,???,??????2030?????????1990??????55%???????????2050?????“???????”????????????????

??,???“????????????????????”??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“??????”?????????????????????????????,«????????????????»?????:?????????????????????;???????????????????????????????????????????;??????????????????,??????????????????,????????,??????????????????,???????[18]

2020??????3??????,???????«???»,???????????:?;??????“????????????????????”;???????????????2021??????????????5??????????????[19]??????????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,???????????????????????,??,???????????“????”(IPCEI)??????,????

2022????????????????????????,??,?????????????????????,???????“REPowerEU”????????????????,???????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????2030??????????????45%,???????????????[20]

3. ?

2023??????,??????«??»,???«?»,???,?????“?”???[21]

2024??????????????????????,????????????????????????«??????????»??????«???????????????????»??????«?????????????»??????

«?»?????????????[22]??“?????”?????;????????????????2030???????????????,???????????????????????????40%;?????????“?”(NZSPs),?????????????????,??????????;?«?»??,????????????????

«?????»?????????,?2030????????????????????,?,?????-???????????????????????????,????????????????????????“???????”???????

(?????)????

1. ?????

2018????????????,??????«?:??????????????»,????????,?????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????“??”(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????????)?

??“??????????????????”(CEF),?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,????????,????????????????????????????

2. ?????????????????????

2017???????,????????????????“???”,???,?????????????????,??????????,???[23]

2018??,???«??????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????,???????[24]?????,????:?????;?????????????,???????;???,???;????????????????;???????????(?);????

?,????????,?????????????????????????“?????????”???????“???????????????”?????????,??????????????,???????????????????

(??????????)???

1. ???????

2022??????????????,???????«???»,?????2025??320????(GW)?????????2030?????????????600??[25]??????????,??????????????????????

?????,?????:????????????????????????“?????????????????????????????”,?;????????????;??,?;??

2. ??????????????????????????

??,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????,???;???????????????????????????????,??????????????;????;????????????????;???????????????????????

2024????????,????????????????«??????????????????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????,?????(???????????????)????????????????????????????“?”??????????,?????,????????????

???????,???????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????“??????”??????????????????“???????”????????,????????????,?????????????????????????

?????????:?????????? - ???????????????????

(???????????)?????:?????????????????????“????????”????????????????????

??2006??????????????,??????????????“??????”????????????????«???????????????»«??»«?»???,??????????,??“?”????????,?????

???????,“??????”???????“????????????????”??????,??????,????????2020?2??2026?12??????????????31?????????,??????????????7230????????????????????????,???????????????3380?????????????????????????????,3850???????????????????????????,?37%??????????????????????????????????????????????????????2024??4???????????????,???????879?,???????????????“??????????????”????25.7%?[26]

“??????????????????????????????”(CEF)???«??????»??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????2021-2027???,??59.4??[27]

“??????”?,?????????:“?????”“??????????????????????”???????“?”?“?????????”?????????????????,“???”??????“???????????”??????????,“????????????”????[28]“?????????”?????????2023????,??2021-2022????????????2273.5??

(??????)??:???

???????“??????”?????????????????,????“???”??????????,?!

??????????,?,????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????,??[29]

?8??????????????20??????,???,???,?????“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”?,????,???????“???????”???????????????“?”???????????????,????????????????,?????????,?????????????????,????????????????????“??”,???[30]

?,??2035?,??????????????????????????,????????(????????????????)?????????????????????????????????,??????????,???[31]

2024?????8?????????????9??????????????????????????,?(WT/DS626???),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«??»??????6????????«?»????????????????1???????2???????????????????10?????17????????????????????????????19?????????????????????????????????????????????22????????????32??,?????????,??

(??????)?:?“?”?

?,?????????,???????????«??»«???????????»«?»?,???“?”??????????????????,??????????????????????,??????“?”???????????????????????????????????????????,??????

????????,??,??????????,???,?????????????????,??“?????”????

???????1957?????«???????»?????????????????“?????????????”???????????????????????,??«????????????????????»???????????????,????????????????????????????,??????????????“????????????”???????????????????????

?????????,2018??????2024?????????8?????,??????????????????????????????“??????????????”?,???????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????(?320???????????????????),??????????????????68????????(???????????????21%),???61??????????(??????????17%)?[33]??,???????????????????,?????????“????”????????

????????????????????|????????? ??? ??????

????????????????

[1]?????:

[2]????«????????????»????298??????????51???????????????????52??????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]????????:???????????????,2024??4??????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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