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2024??????????8??20?????????,????????????????????????(AS689)????????,[1]????17%-36.3%?????(????????9%)???2023??????9?13????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,???2023???????10?????????4??????????????????,??????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????
???????????,??,?????????????????????????,???????(?????????)??????,???????????????????????????«???????»?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????2019??«????????????????????»????????????????????????,????????,???????????????2020??,???«????????????????????????»,??????,?????????????????????,?????????????,??????????????,??
??????????????????????????????????????????,???????????
????????
(????????????)???????????,???????????
1. ??????
???????????,??????????????1951???,???????????????????????(????????????????????????????)?«?????????????????????????????»,??????????????????????????(ECSC),?????????????,??,??????????????
1957??????,????«???????????????????»???????????«???????»???????????????(Euratom),?????????????(????????????????????????),???,?????????????????,??????????????(EEC),????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????92???????????94??????(state aid),???????????????????[2]
2. ???
1965????????????????,?«?»,????????????,??????????,????,??????????«??»??????????????????????
1974??????????,??????????«???1985????????»,?????1985????50%,?????????????,???????[3]
?,???????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????,????????
(??????????????)??
1980?????,?????????????«???1990???????????????»,???????,??????????[4]???????1974?????
1986?,???????«???»,[5]??????????????,??????????????,????
????????????????????????,???????????,???,??
???????????????????????
1992???????????,?«??????»(????????????«????»),????????????????????????(EU),??????????????????????????????????????(EEC)???????????(EC),??????????????«???????????????????????»???????????????«???»???????????
????????«?»?????????????,??????????????????,«????????????????????»??130?,??
???????????,????,??????????????
(???????????????????)???????
1995??????,??«?????»????????????????????,?????????,?????????[6]
1997???,?????????????«????????????:??????????»?,[7]?????????,????,??????????????????
2000???,??????????????????????????????«?????????????????»????????????????,???,?????[8]
??????????????????????????,????????,????????????????????????
(???)??????
???????????????????????,??????????2006??????????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????????»????????????????????,????????,??????,?????,????[9]
2007?,?????????????????«??????????»,?????«?»????????????«??????»,??«???»?????????«????????????»????,«???????»????88??????????????????????????4?????????????,??????,???«????»???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????[10]
2010??,???????????????«????2020??????????????????????????»,?,????????????????????[11]
2011???????????????,?????????????«2050?????»,???????????2020???????????????,?????????????,???(??????)???????????????,??????????????????[12]
???????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
???????????«?????????????????????»????????????????107????,???????????????????????,??????????????(???????????????),????????????????????
????????????????????????????:???,???????????????????,?,?????;?????????????,????????????
????????????2023??????7???WTO???,[13]????????????????????????????????????????,???????,?????????????,?????2021-2022???2273.5???????????????????
?????,???????????????????????,????????,???????????????????????
(?)??????????????
1. ?????????????????????????????????????????????
2014???????,???????????«2030??????????»,?????????????????????????2030??????????????????????,???????,????,????2030??????27%,????????????????[14]
2015????????????,?????????????????????«????»,???????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????,??????????[15]
2018?????????????,??????«?»,???2030??32%,????????????[16]
??????????????????,???????????????«?????????????????????????»,???????????????2050??????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,?,????[17]
2. ???«?????????????»??«?????»???????????????
2019????????????????????????,???????????«?»,?????????????,???,??????2030?????????1990??????55%???????????2050????????????????????????????
??,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,«????????????????»?????:?????????????????????;???????????????????????????????????????????;??????????????????,??????????????????,????????,??????????????????,???????[18]
2020??????3??????,???????«???»,???????????:?;??????????????????????????;???????????????2021??????????????5??????????????[19]??????????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,???????????????????????,??,???????????????(IPCEI)??????,????
2022????????????????????????,??,?????????????????????,???????REPowerEU????????????????,???????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????2030??????????????45%,???????????????[20]
3. ?
2023??????,??????«??»,???«?»,???,?????????[21]
2024??????????????????????,????????????????????????«??????????»??????«???????????????????»??????«?????????????»??????
«?»?????????????[22]????????????;????????????????2030???????????????,???????????????????????????40%;??????????(NZSPs),?????????????????,??????????;?«?»??,????????????????
«?????»?????????,?2030????????????????????,?,?????-???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????
(?????)????
1. ?????
2018????????????,??????«?:??????????????»,????????,?????,??????????????,?????????????????????????????????(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????????)?
????????????????????(CEF),?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,????????,????????????????????????????
2. ?????????????????????
2017???????,???????????????????,???,?????????????????,??????????,???[23]
2018??,???«??????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????,???????[24]?????,????:?????;?????????????,???????;???,???;????????????????;???????????(?);????
?,????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,???????????????????
(??????????)???
1. ???????
2022??????????????,???????«???»,?????2025??320????(GW)?????????2030?????????????600??[25]??????????,??????????????????????
?????,?????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?;????????????;??,?;??
2. ??????????????????????????
??,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????,???;???????????????????????????????,??????????????;????;????????????????;???????????????????????
2024????????,????????????????«??????????????????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????,?????(???????????????)???????????????????????????????????????,?????,????????????
???????,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,?????????????????????????
?????????:?????????? - ???????????????????
(???????????)?????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??2006??????????????,????????????????????????????????????«???????????????»«??»«?»???,??????????,???????????,?????
???????,???????????????????????????????????,??????,????????2020?2??2026?12??????????????31?????????,??????????????7230????????????????????????,???????????????3380?????????????????????????????,3850???????????????????????????,?37%??????????????????????????????????????????????????????2024??4???????????????,???????879?,?????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
??????????????????????????????(CEF)???«??????»??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????2021-2027???,??59.4??[27]
???????,?????????:??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????????[28]??????????????????2023????,??2021-2022????????????2273.5??
(??????)??:???
??????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?!
??????????,?,????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????,??[29]
?8??????????????20??????,???,???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????,???[30]
?,??2035?,??????????????????????????,????????(????????????????)?????????????????????????????????,??????????,???[31]
2024?????8?????????????9??????????????????????????,?(WT/DS626???),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«??»??????6????????«?»????????????????1???????2???????????????????10?????17????????????????????????????19?????????????????????????????????????????????22????????????32??,?????????,??
(??????)?:???
?,?????????,???????????«??»«???????????»«?»?,??????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????
????????,??,??????????,???,?????????????????,???????????
???????1957?????«???????»?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??«????????????????????»???????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????,2018??????2024?????????8?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????(?320???????????????????),??????????????????68????????(???????????????21%),???61??????????(??????????17%)?[33]??,???????????????????,?????????????????????
????????????????????|????????? ??? ??????
????????????????
[1]?????:
[2]????«????????????»????298??????????51???????????????????52??????????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]????????:???????????????,2024??4??????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?:
[30]????????????????????????????????:
[31]
[32]??(WT/DS626?????):
[33] ??????:?????