???“??????”????????????

????:??????:???????

?? ?????

2024?????8????????????20??????,???(AS689)?,[1]?17%-36.3%??????????(????????????????9%)??2023???????9?13????????????????“?????”?,??????????????????????????,??????????????2023???????10?4???????????????????????????????,??????????????????,??????????????“???”?,???????

?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????“??????????”(????????????)??????????????,???????????????????«????????????»?????,??“??????????”?????????????????????????2019?«?»????????,??????????,???????????“????????????”????2020??,???????????«?»,??????????????,????“???”??????????,???????????,??????????????,?????????????????????

????????????“?”?????????????,??????????????????????

?????????????

(?????)???,???????????????

1. ???

??????,???????????????????1951???????,?(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????????«????????????»,?????“???????”(ECSC),??????,????????????????,???????????????????????????????????

1957????????????,???«???????????????????»?«????????????????????????»???????????????????“??????????”(Euratom),??(??????????),????????,??,??????????????????“?????”(EEC),??????????????,???????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????92?????94????????????????????(state aid),????????[2]

2. ????????????

1965??,?«??????????????????????»,??????????,???????????,?????,?????????«?»???????

1974??????????,??«???1985??»,????1985????????????50%,?????????????????,??[3]

?????,?,????????,?,???????,???

(??????)?????????????????

1980??????????,??«??????1990??????????»,?????,????????????????[4]???????1974???????????

1986??,??????????????????«???????????????»,[5]???????????????????????,?????????????????????,??

?????,??????,?????,??

????????????????????????

1992??????????????,???«????????????????»(?«???»),???????????????????????????????“???”(EU),????????????????“?????????????????”(EEC)??????“??”(EC),?«?????????????????????»??????????????????????«?????????????????????»?????????

?«???????»???,???????,«???????»?????????????????130???????,????????

?,??????????????,????????“?????????”????

(???)???

1995????????????,??????????«??????»??,????????,????[6]

1997????????????????,??????«????????:??????????????????»???,[7]???????,?????????????????????,???????????????????????????

2000???????,??«??????????????????»????????,???????????????????????,??[8]

??????,?????????????,???

(????)??????????????????

??,??????????2006?«?????????????????????????????????????»??,?????????????,???????????????,??????????????,???[9]

2007?,???«??»,??«???????????????????????????????»??????????????????????«???????????????»,?«???????????????????»?«??»???????????????,«??????»?????88???4?,?????,????«????????????»??????“?????????????????”??????????,?????????????????????????????????????[10]

2010????????????????????????,???????«??????????2020??????????????»,????????,????[11]

2011?,??????????????«2050??????»,????2020????,???????????,??(???????????????????????)????????,????[12]

???????????,???????????,??????

????????????????????????????????“??”?

???«??????»????????107???????????,???????????????????????????,?(???????????????????),????

??“??????????????????????”????????:????????????,???????????????,??????????,????;???????????????,??

???????????????????????????2023??????????????7?WTO??????????????????,[13]???????????????????,???????“??????????”??????“????????????????????????”???????????????????????????,???????????????,???????????2021-2022?2273.5???????????????????????????

????????,????????“?”?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????????

(????????????????)?????????????????“????”???????????

1. ??“?????????????”????

2014????????????????,??«2030???»,?????????2030??????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????????,??????????2030??????????27%,???????????[14]

2015????????,??«?»,???????????????“???”,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????“??????”?,?,????[15]

2018????,??«??????????????»,?????2030??????32%,??????[16]

????????????????,?????????????????«??????????????????????????»,?????????2050???????????????????“??????”????????????,??????????????????????????????“????????????????????????”???,????????????????????????????????????????,???,???[17]

2. ??«????????????????????»??«?»???????????????????????“?”??

2019????,???????«??????????????????»,??????,??????,??2030??????????????????????????????1990??????55%??????2050??“?????????”???

??????????????,???“???????????”?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????“????????????”?????????????????????????,«????»???:?????????;??????????????;?????,??,???????????,???????????????????????????????,???????????????[18]

2020??????3??,????????«???????????????????????»,????????????????????:???????;?????????????????????“????????????????????”;??2021?5?????????????[19]????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??,????????“???”(IPCEI)???????????,??

2022????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????“REPowerEU”??????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,????????2030????45%,???[20]

3. ?????????????

2023?????????????,???«??????????????????»,?«???»,???????????,???????“????”??????????[21]

2024?????????????????????,????????«?????????????»???????????«????»?????????????????«??»????

«??????????????????????»????[22]??????“???????????????????”???????????????????????????????;???2030?,???????????40%;?????“?????????????????????????????”(NZSPs),?????,????????????????????;????????«?????????????»??,??????

«????????»????,?????????2030??????,????,???-?????????????????,?????“??????????????????????????”???????

(???)?????????????????

1. ??????

2018??????????,???????«????:???????????????????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????,???????????“??????????????”(electro-mobility,????????????????????????????????????????)?

???“????”(CEF),??,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?,??????

2. ??????

2017??????????????,????????“???”,??,????????,?????,???[23]

2018????????????????????,????????????????«???»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????[24]??????,?????????????????:????;?,???????;?,???????;???;??????(????????);????????????????

???????????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????“???”???????????????????“?”???,????????????????????,????????????

(????)???????????

1. ???????

2022??????????????????????,????«??????»,?????????????2025??????????????????320????????(GW)??????????????2030??600???????????????????????????[25]?,???????

??,??????????????????????:?“????????”,?????;?????????;?????????????,??????;??????????????

2. ????????

????,???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???,??????????;???,???;???????;???????????????????;???????????

2024??????????????,???????????????«???????»,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????(???)??????????????????????????????????“??????????”?????????????,???,??????????????

??????,?,?????????????????????????????????“????????”?????“???????”???,?,??????

???????????????????????:??????? - ????????????

(??????)????????????????:???“???????????????”???????????????????????

?????????????2006??????,???????????“??????”??????????????????????«????????????»«?»«??????»?,?????????????,????????????????“??”?????,??

???????????????????????,“??”?????“??????”?????,????????????????????????,?????2020?2?????????????2026??12??31?????????????,?????????7230???,???????3380?,3850????????????,?????????????????37%?????????????????????????????????????2024???????????4?????????????????,??????879?????????????????,?“???”???25.7%?[26]

“??????????????????”(CEF)?????«??????»?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?????????,??????????59.4???????[27]

“???”?????????,????:“??”“??????????”???????????“??????????”?“??????”???,“??????????????????????????????”?????“????????????????????????????????”???????????,“?”????????[28]“???????????”???????????????????????2023??????????????,????2021-2022????2273.5??????????????????

(??)??????????????????????:???

???????????????????????“???????????????????????”???,????“?????”?????,??????????????!

???????,????????????????????????,?????,?????????,???????????,????[29]

?????8?20????????????,????,??,?????????????????????“?????????????????????????????”??????????????????,???????,?“?????????????”???“???????????????????????????????????”?????????????????,?????????????????,?,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????“???????????????????”,???[30]

?,?????????2035???,???????,???????????????????(??)????????????????????????????,????,????[31]

2024???????????????8??????????????????????9?????????????????????,???(WT/DS626?????????????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????????????????«?????????????????????»???????6??????????«?????»???????????????1???????????2????????????????10??????????????????????????????17?????????19?????????????22??????32??,??,???????????????

(???????????????????)?????:?“???”???????????????????????????

?,?????????????????,????????????«???????????????????»«??»«?????????»??????,????????????????????????“????”???,?????,??????“??????????”??????????????????????????????,???????????????

???,?,??????????????????,?????,??????????,?“???”??????????

???1957??????«???????»???????“?????”????????????????,????????«??????»???????????????????,??????????????????????,???????“??????”??????

??????????,2018?????2024?8?????????????,??“????????????”??,????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????(??????320??),?68?(?21%),???61????????(????????????17%)?[33]????????????????????,?????,????“?????”?????????????????????????

????????|??? ?? ????????

??????????????????

[1]????:

[2]????????????«????????????????????????????????»?????298?51?52??????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?????????:?????????????????,2024???????????4??????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?:

[30]????:

[31]

[32]????????????(WT/DS626???):

[33] ??????:?????????????????