????:2024-08-23 19:24:52 ??:????
????:??????:???????
?? ?????
2024?????8????????????20??????,???(AS689)?,[1]?17%-36.3%??????????(????????????????9%)??2023???????9?13??????????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????2023???????10?4???????????????????????????????,??????????????????,??????????????????,???????
?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????(????????????)??????????????,???????????????????«????????????»?????,?????????????????????????????????????2019?«?»????????,??????????,???????????????????????????2020??,???????????«?»,??????????????,?????????????????,???????????,??????????????,?????????????????????
??????????????????????????,??????????????????????
?????????????
(?????)???,???????????????
1. ???
??????,???????????????????1951???????,?(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????????«????????????»,????????????(ECSC),??????,????????????????,???????????????????????????????????
1957????????????,???«???????????????????»?«????????????????????????»?????????????????????????????(Euratom),??(??????????),????????,??,???????????????????????(EEC),??????????????,???????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????92?????94????????????????????(state aid),????????[2]
2. ????????????
1965??,?«??????????????????????»,??????????,???????????,?????,?????????«?»???????
1974??????????,??«???1985??»,????1985????????????50%,?????????????????,??[3]
?????,?,????????,?,???????,???
(??????)?????????????????
1980??????????,??«??????1990??????????»,?????,????????????????[4]???????1974???????????
1986??,??????????????????«???????????????»,[5]???????????????????????,?????????????????????,??
?????,??????,?????,??
????????????????????????
1992??????????????,???«????????????????»(?«???»),??????????????????????????????????(EU),?????????????????????????????????(EEC)????????(EC),?«?????????????????????»??????????????????????«?????????????????????»?????????
?«???????»???,???????,«???????»?????????????????130???????,????????
?,??????????????,?????????????????????
(???)???
1995????????????,??????????«??????»??,????????,????[6]
1997????????????????,??????«????????:??????????????????»???,[7]???????,?????????????????????,???????????????????????????
2000???????,??«??????????????????»????????,???????????????????????,??[8]
??????,?????????????,???
(????)??????????????????
??,??????????2006?«?????????????????????????????????????»??,?????????????,???????????????,??????????????,???[9]
2007?,???«??»,??«???????????????????????????????»??????????????????????«???????????????»,?«???????????????????»?«??»???????????????,«??????»?????88???4?,?????,????«????????????»?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????[10]
2010????????????????????????,???????«??????????2020??????????????»,????????,????[11]
2011?,??????????????«2050??????»,????2020????,???????????,??(???????????????????????)????????,????[12]
???????????,???????????,??????
???????????????????????????????????
???«??????»????????107???????????,???????????????????????????,?(???????????????????),????
????????????????????????????????:????????????,???????????????,??????????,????;???????????????,??
???????????????????????????2023??????????????7?WTO??????????????????,[13]???????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,???????????2021-2022?2273.5???????????????????????????
????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????????
(????????????????)????????????????????????????????
1. ???????????????????
2014????????????????,??«2030???»,?????????2030??????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????????,??????????2030??????????27%,???????????[14]
2015????????,??«?»,??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?,????[15]
2018????,??«??????????????»,?????2030??????32%,??????[16]
????????????????,?????????????????«??????????????????????????»,?????????2050?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???,???[17]
2. ??«????????????????????»??«?»??????????????????????????
2019????,???????«??????????????????»,??????,??????,??2030??????????????????????????????1990??????55%??????2050??????????????
??????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,«????»???:?????????;??????????????;?????,??,???????????,???????????????????????????????,???????????????[18]
2020??????3??,????????«???????????????????????»,????????????????????:???????;?????????????????????????????????????????;??2021?5?????????????[19]????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??,???????????(IPCEI)???????????,??
2022????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????REPowerEU??????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,????????2030????45%,???[20]
3. ?????????????
2023?????????????,???«??????????????????»,?«???»,???????????,?????????????????????[21]
2024?????????????????????,????????«?????????????»???????????«????»?????????????????«??»????
«??????????????????????»????[22]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????;???2030?,???????????40%;??????????????????????????????????(NZSPs),?????,????????????????????;????????«?????????????»??,??????
«????????»????,?????????2030??????,????,???-?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????
(???)?????????????????
1. ??????
2018??????????,???????«????:???????????????????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????(electro-mobility,????????????????????????????????????????)?
???????(CEF),??,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?,??????
2. ??????
2017??????????????,???????????,??,????????,?????,???[23]
2018????????????????????,????????????????«???»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????[24]??????,?????????????????:????;?,???????;?,???????;???;??????(????????);????????????????
???????????????,?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????
(????)???????????
1. ???????
2022??????????????????????,????«??????»,?????????????2025??????????????????320????????(GW)??????????????2030??600???????????????????????????[25]?,???????
??,??????????????????????:?????????,?????;?????????;?????????????,??????;??????????????
2. ????????
????,???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???,??????????;???,???;???????;???????????????????;???????????
2024??????????????,???????????????«???????»,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????(???)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,??????????????
??????,?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,??????
???????????????????????:??????? - ????????????
(??????)????????????????:?????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????2006??????,???????????????????????????????????????«????????????»«?»«??????»?,?????????????,???????????????????????,??
???????????????????????,??????????????????,????????????????????????,?????2020?2?????????????2026??12??31?????????????,?????????7230???,???????3380?,3850????????????,?????????????????37%?????????????????????????????????????2024???????????4?????????????????,??????879?????????????????,???????25.7%?[26]
??????????????????(CEF)?????«??????»?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?????????,??????????59.4???????[27]
????????????,????:???????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????[28]??????????????????????????????????2023??????????????,????2021-2022????2273.5??????????????????
(??)??????????????????????:???
?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??????????????!
???????,????????????????????????,?????,?????????,???????????,????[29]
?????8?20????????????,????,??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?,????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???[30]
?,?????????2035???,???????,???????????????????(??)????????????????????????????,????,????[31]
2024???????????????8??????????????????????9?????????????????????,???(WT/DS626?????????????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????????????????«?????????????????????»???????6??????????«?????»???????????????1???????????2????????????????10??????????????????????????????17?????????19?????????????22??????32??,??,???????????????
(???????????????????)?????:???????????????????????????????
?,?????????????????,????????????«???????????????????»«??»«?????????»??????,???????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????
???,?,??????????????????,?????,??????????,??????????????
???1957??????«???????»????????????????????????????,????????«??????»???????????????????,??????????????????????,???????????????????
??????????,2018?????2024?8?????????????,????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????(??????320??),?68?(?21%),???61????????(????????????17%)?[33]????????????????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????
????????|??? ?? ????????
??????????????????
[1]????:
[2]????????????«????????????????????????????????»?????298?51?52??????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]?????????:?????????????????,2024???????????4??????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?:
[30]????:
[31]
[32]????????????(WT/DS626???):
[33] ??????:?????????????????
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