????:1???????????:????????

2???????????

3??????V

4?92??95??98?

5?????????

???????????75???????????75???????,???????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????,????????????,?????,???

????????,?,?????????????????????????,2023?223???????GDP??????89????????????43.6???????????????????????????????????……????????????75???????????,“?????”???????????????75???????????????????,????????“?????????”???????????,????????????,??????????????????

? ?

??????????????7.9%

????????

??????????,????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????1952???????????????679??????,???1978???????????3679?????;????????,??,1986?????1???????,2000???10?????????,2006????20?????????,?????12???10?????????,2020????????100??????,2023???????????????????????126?,???????,2023?1952???????????223??,?????????7.9%;??,19792023????????????8.9%,?3.0%?????

?????GDP??8.9?

?????

1952?,????GDP??119???????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,??GDP???????????2019?????????,??????????GDP??70078???????????,???????????10158?,????1?????????;2023???????????????89358?????????????,????????1952???89?????,????????6.5%,?12681????????,????3????????????????1.2??????????????????????????????,2023?(GNI)???????????????????1.34????,?????

????

???????????

?????,?????????,?????????1952?????????????????,???????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%????????????????????????,????????????????,???????

????????,??????????,????????????????,??,?????????2023???,?????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%?????,??????9????????1.3?????,????,???????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,?“???????????????????????+”?????????

“??”??????????22.4?????????????

?????

??,????,????,?,????????????????

20132023??,??????8.7%?10.3%,????????????,???????????????5G??????????,“???????”?,????????????????

?2023??????????????????,????????421????????;?,????

??????????????,???????????????,“???????”??2023??,?“?????”??????22.4???????,?????GDP???17.73%?

???????

???????????????

1949?2.2??,???8.1?,???????????75???????????????????,???,?,????,??????????????????

2023??????????,?????????15.9??,?????????1949??????6?????????????,??????????4.5???,????2/3??;????544???,???????????????????66??????,????????18.4????????????,??????;????????12.8????,??74.1%;???????876??????????,2023??1.7??????????,?2016??????????????10??????,?????,???????????????????????????????????????

????????????3.92??????

?????

1949???????????49.7????1978?,??????????171???,??????????????151????????????,?????????????????,?,??,?????,???????2023?????????????????????,?39218?????????,??????1949???76??,?6.0%;??????26796?,???????????????1956???36??????????????,??????????5.5%?

????????????,????????,?????????????2023????????,????????29.8%,???????????????????1978??????????34.1??;????????????????????45.2%,????2013??????????5.5?????????????????????????,???????????,???????????2023????,????????????????49.7?,????????145.9?,??2013???????2.9??????????????2.1??????

??????????

?

?????,???????????????????????????,?????

???,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????,??????????,??,???????

2023??????,??????????????????10.66???????,?1989????10.09?;???????2.44??3.02?,???1994???1.64????????2.84???????????,?????????????,????,??

9899??

?????

????????,???????????????????20????????????5070??????????????,?,??????????????,??“?????????????”??????????,??????????????????????,????????

???????,????,???8?????????,??????????2020?????9899??,832???????,12.8??,?,??????????????????,???10?«?2030?»???????????,???,???????????????

???60%

????????????

???,??????????????,?,????

2023???????????,??????????????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;??????????????1.6???????????????????????????4542???????????,??1949??6.4??????103???????,??????????????(OECD)??????

?,??????????????,???2023???????????,????????????60%,?????????;?????1982?????????8??????11.05????????,???????????????????????????

??????????

???????

1950????????????,???????????11.3??????????,??1978????206???????????????????????????????,??????????,2001??????????,???,??

?,?,???,???????????????????????1978?????1%?2023??????????12.4%,???7???????“?”?????,??150??????????30????????????230?????????“???????”??,?????????25???200?????????????,????????“?????????”?

?

?????

????,??????????????????????????????,??????????,????????,??1999???????????,??????????????????????????2012??,????,?????????4.9,???1952???8.1?

?,????????????????????????????????????,???????????20132023???????,????????????????????????6.9%?7.1%,???????????????2023?????????????????????????????,?????46.7%?24.4%,??2012??2.9??0.9?????

??46.3????????????????

????????

?,?,???1956??“??????????”?,??????,?????????????,???????,???????????

????????,?????,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????,????“????????????????”,??????????????????,??????????11?????????,?????????,???????????????????2023????????,?,??46.3?????????????

??66%

?

?,???????????????1949??????????????10.64%,1978????????17.92%??????????,????????????????????,???2023????,?????????9.3?,???1978??????????????????????????????7.6?????????????;????????66.16%,?????????????48.24????

???????????????????????,????????,??,?????????2023??????????????,???????48.3%,??????????????????2015??8.4?????????????????????????,?,?,???????????????2012??2.88:1????????????2023???????2.39:1?2023????????,?????????????12.4:1,??2013?????????????1.4?2023?????460???,??????????99%???,?14.4???????????????????????????????

?3246????????????????????6833???????????

???

1949?????,???????,??????????,????????????,??????????2023??,??????????3246?????????????????????????????6833??,??????????????????????1949????????59??????????325?;??????????????119???????????????????????????(?)?

??,????????????,??,????????????,?????2022??????,???????????4.46%,?????????????2013???0.77????????????????;??????????2012??888????????2023????1622????

????????78.6??????????

??

???,??,???75??,??,???,??????????????2023?????,??????????107?,?????1017????,????????1249???

???,??,?,????2023???,???????13.34??????????,????2018??????????95%?????2023??????,?????78.6????,???????????1949?????????????????43.6???????,??????????

????????24.02%

?????????

20??50???????,??????,????,?,????“?????????????????”???????????2022?????????,????????????9014???,????20????80????25??????????30?;??????????18%,???

???,“??????????”??????????????????????24.02%?2023?,?????????(PM2.5)????????2016??????28.6%,????????21.6????????,????????????????????,??????????“??????????????”???“??????????”,????(?????????) ?????:???