? ????

2024?????8?20?,??????????????(AS689)???,[1]???????????17%-36.3%?????(????????????9%)??????????????2023?????????????????????9??????????13??????“??”?????,????????????,???2023??????????10???????????????????4????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???“???????”?????????????????,???????????????

???????????????????????,??,??????????????????????,???????????“????”(??????????????)????????????????????????,???????????«?????????»????????????????,??????“?????????????????????”????????????????????????2019??????«?»?????,????????????????????,???????“??????????????????????”????????????2020???,??????????«??????????????»,?????????????,?????“?????”????,??????????????????,?????,??

?????????“?????????????”????????????????????,??

?????????????????????????

(?????)????????????????????,?????????????????????????

1. ???????????????????

??????????,??????????????????????1951??,?????????????????(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????????????«???????????»,???“???????????????????”(ECSC),??,????,???????????????????????????????????

1957??,???«??????????»?????????«??????»????????????“???????”(Euratom),??????????????????????????????(?????????????????????????????????),?????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????????“?”(EEC),???????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????92??????????????????????94??(state aid),??????????????[2]

2. ?????????????????????

1965?????,????«?????????????????????»,??????????????,??,?,??«?????????????»????????????????????

1974???????,???????????????????«??1985???????»,??????1985???50%,?,????????????????[3]

?,?????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????????,?????

(???????????????)????

1980???,???????????????????????????«??????1990??????»,??????,??[4]?????1974??

1986???,????????«?»,[5]?????????,???????????,????????

???????????????,????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????????

????????

1992????????,??????????«???????????????»(????????«??»),????“??????????”(EU),?????????????????????????????????????????“??????”(EEC)????????“??????????????”(EC),?????????????«???»?????«?????????????»????

?????«??????????»??????,?????????????????,«?????????????»?????????????130?????????????????,????????

?????????,???????????????,?????“???????”??

(???)????

1995?????????????????,?«????»?,??????,????????????????????????????????[6]

1997????????????????,?????«???????:??????????»?,[7]????????????,?????????,????????????????????

2000??????????,?????«???»???????????????,??,??[8]

????????,?????,?????????????????

(?????)?????????????

?,?2006???«???????????????????????»??????????????????????,?????,????????????????,????????????,?????????????????[9]

2007???,????????????????????????????«??????????????»,??«?????????»???«???????????????»,?????????«????»???«???»????????,«?????»???????????88???4?????,?????????????????,??????????????«?????»???“???????????”?,??????????????[10]

2010??????????????????,????«?2020??»,????????????,??[11]

2011????????????????????,????????«2050??????????»,?2020???????,????????,???(????????????)????????????????,?????[12]

???????,????,????

??????????“??????????????”?????

?????????????????????«???????????????????????»???107???????????,????????????????????????????,???????(?),??????????

??“??”??????????????:????????,??,???????????????,???????????;?????????????????,???

?????????????????2023???7?????????WTO?????,[13]?????????????????????,??????????????“?????????????”??????????“???”?,????????????????????????????,????????????2021-2022?????????????????2273.5??????????

?????,?????“?????????????”??????????,????????,????????????????????

(?)?????????????????????????????????????“???????????????”???????????

1. ??????????????????????“??”?????

2014??,??????«2030??????»,????????????2030???????????????????????,???,??????????????,?????2030?27%,????????????[14]

2015????????,???????????????????????«??????????»,?????“??”,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????“?????????????”??????,????,????????[15]

2018?????????,??????????????«????????»,???2030???32%,??????????????????????[16]

????,????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????»,?2050??????????????“???????????????”????????,?????????????“???????????????????????????????????????”?,?????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????[17]

2. ????«??????»??«???????????????»??????“?????”?

2019??????????????????????????????,?????«???????????????»,????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????????2030???????1990???????????????55%??2050????????????????????“????????????????????”??

??????,?????“?????????????????”???,?????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????“??????????????????”???????,«??»?:?????????;????????????????????;?????????????,??,?????,?????????,????????[18]

2020??3?????,???????????«????????????????????»,?????:??????????????;???“???????????”;???????????????????????????2021?5?????????????[19]???,???,???????????,??????????????????????????????,??,??????????“??????????????”(IPCEI)??????,??????????

2022?????,??????????????????????????,?????????,????“REPowerEU”???,???????????????????,??????,????????????????????????2030?????45%,?????????[20]

3. ???

2023??????????????????????????,?????????????????????«??????????»,??????«??????»,??,???“???????”?????????[21]

2024????,????????«???????????????????????????????»??????????????????????«?????????»????«???»?????

«??»???[22]?“????”???????;???????????????????2030?????,???????????????40%;???“?”(NZSPs),?????,????;????????????????«?????????????»????????????????????????,????????

«??????????»???????????????,??????????2030?????????????????????????????,?????????,??????????????-???????????????????????????????????,????“???”????????????????????????

(????????????)???

1. ?

2018???????????????????,????«??????????????:?????»,????????????????????????????,??,??????????,??????????????????“???”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????)?

???????????“??”(CEF),????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????,????????,?????????????????????????????????

2. ??????????????????

2017??,???????????????“???”,??????,?,???????????????,???[23]

2018?????????????????????,????«????????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???????[24]?,?????????????????:???????????????;???,???????;??????,??????;???;???????????????(????????????????);?????????????

???????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????“??????”???????????????????????“?????”????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????

(??????????????)????????????????????

1. ??

2022???????????,?«??????????»,??????????2025?320???????(GW)???????2030?????600???[25]????????????,???????????

???,???????????:??????????“??????”,???;???;???,????????;??

2. ???????????????????

???????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??;????,??????;?????????????;????????????????????????;??????????????????????

2024????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????«??????????????»,?????????????????????,?????(???????????????)???????????????????????????????????????“??”????????,??,????????

?,?????????????????????????????,????????????“????”???????????????????????“??????????????????????????”??????????????????????,?????????,????????

?????????????????:?????? - ????????????????????????????

(??)??????:??????????????“?”??????????????????????????????

?2006?,????????????“?????????????????”??????????«?????»«????????????»«????»??????????????,????????????,??????????“???”????????,??????

?????,“??????”???????“????????????????????????”??????????????????????,?,?????????????????2020?2??????2026?12?31?,?????7230??????????????????????????????,????????????????3380???????????,3850?????????,????????????????37%????????????????????????????2024??????????????4????????????????,???????879????,?????????“???????????????????????????????”??25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)??????«?»?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????2021-2027?????,????59.4?????????????????[27]

“???????????????????”???,??????:“??”“????”??“??????”?“??”????????????,“?”???“???????????????????????????????”????????????????????,“????”???????????[28]“??????????????????????”????????????????????????2023????????????,??2021-2022?2273.5???????????????????????????????

(?????)??????????????????:?????????????????

??????????“???????????????????????????”?,???????????????????????????“??????????????????”??????,?????????????!

????????,?,???????????,???????????????,?????,????????????????????[29]

???8???????20??,????????,????????????????,?????????“?????????????????????????????????????????”????????????????,??,??????????“???????????”?????????????“???????????????”??????????,??????,??????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????“?????”,????????????????????[30]

?,??????????????????2035??????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????(??)??????,??????,??????????[31]

2024????8?????????????9????,??????????????(WT/DS626?),[32]??????????????????«???»?6??«????????»???1???????????2???????????????????????10?????????????17??????????19??????????22??32?????????,?,??????????????

(????????)??????:???“???????????????”????

?????????,?????????????,?«?????»«?»«??????»??????????,???“??”???,?????????????????,???????????“????????????????????”????,??????????????????????

??????????????????,????????????????,?,??,?,???????????????“??????????????????”???????

???1957????«????????????????????????»????????“????”??,??????«???????????????»?????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????“?????????????????”????????

?????,2018?2024???????????8???,??????“????????????????????????”??,?????????????????????????????????????????362????(??????320????????????????????????????????),????????68????(??????????????????????21%),???????61??(?17%)?[33]?,?????,??????????“?”??????????????

??????|??????? ????? ????????

?

[1]????????:

[2]????????«???????????»?298?????????????????51??52???????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?????:???????????????,2024????????????????????4???????????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?????????????????????:

[30]??????:

[31]

[32]????(WT/DS626??????????????????????):

[33] ??????????:??? “????????”_????

?? ??????“????????????”???

??????“????????????”???
??
2024-08-25 21:23:41

????:1?????????:??100??????

2?????

3???????????2023

4???????

5??????

? ????

2024?????8?20?,??????????????(AS689)???,[1]???????????17%-36.3%?????(????????????9%)??????????????2023?????????????????????9??????????13??????“??”?????,????????????,???2023??????????10???????????????????4????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???“???????”?????????????????,???????????????

???????????????????????,??,??????????????????????,???????????“????”(??????????????)????????????????????????,???????????«?????????»????????????????,??????“?????????????????????”????????????????????????2019??????«?»?????,????????????????????,???????“??????????????????????”????????????2020???,??????????«??????????????»,?????????????,?????“?????”????,??????????????????,?????,??

?????????“?????????????”????????????????????,??

?????????????????????????

(?????)????????????????????,?????????????????????????

1. ???????????????????

??????????,??????????????????????1951??,?????????????????(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????????????«???????????»,???“???????????????????”(ECSC),??,????,???????????????????????????????????

1957??,???«??????????»?????????«??????»????????????“???????”(Euratom),??????????????????????????????(?????????????????????????????????),?????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????????“?”(EEC),???????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????92??????????????????????94??(state aid),??????????????[2]

2. ?????????????????????

1965?????,????«?????????????????????»,??????????????,??,?,??«?????????????»????????????????????

1974???????,???????????????????«??1985???????»,??????1985???50%,?,????????????????[3]

?,?????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????????,?????

(???????????????)????

1980???,???????????????????????????«??????1990??????»,??????,??[4]?????1974??

1986???,????????«?»,[5]?????????,???????????,????????

???????????????,????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????????

????????

1992????????,??????????«???????????????»(????????«??»),????“??????????”(EU),?????????????????????????????????????????“??????”(EEC)????????“??????????????”(EC),?????????????«???»?????«?????????????»????

?????«??????????»??????,?????????????????,«?????????????»?????????????130?????????????????,????????

?????????,???????????????,?????“???????”??

(???)????

1995?????????????????,?«????»?,??????,????????????????????????????????[6]

1997????????????????,?????«???????:??????????»?,[7]????????????,?????????,????????????????????

2000??????????,?????«???»???????????????,??,??[8]

????????,?????,?????????????????

(?????)?????????????

?,?2006???«???????????????????????»??????????????????????,?????,????????????????,????????????,?????????????????[9]

2007???,????????????????????????????«??????????????»,??«?????????»???«???????????????»,?????????«????»???«???»????????,«?????»???????????88???4?????,?????????????????,??????????????«?????»???“???????????”?,??????????????[10]

2010??????????????????,????«?2020??»,????????????,??[11]

2011????????????????????,????????«2050??????????»,?2020???????,????????,???(????????????)????????????????,?????[12]

???????,????,????

??????????“??????????????”?????

?????????????????????«???????????????????????»???107???????????,????????????????????????????,???????(?),??????????

??“??”??????????????:????????,??,???????????????,???????????;?????????????????,???

?????????????????2023???7?????????WTO?????,[13]?????????????????????,??????????????“?????????????”??????????“???”?,????????????????????????????,????????????2021-2022?????????????????2273.5??????????

?????,?????“?????????????”??????????,????????,????????????????????

(?)?????????????????????????????????????“???????????????”???????????

1. ??????????????????????“??”?????

2014??,??????«2030??????»,????????????2030???????????????????????,???,??????????????,?????2030?27%,????????????[14]

2015????????,???????????????????????«??????????»,?????“??”,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????“?????????????”??????,????,????????[15]

2018?????????,??????????????«????????»,???2030???32%,??????????????????????[16]

????,????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????»,?2050??????????????“???????????????”????????,?????????????“???????????????????????????????????????”?,?????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????[17]

2. ????«??????»??«???????????????»??????“?????”?

2019??????????????????????????????,?????«???????????????»,????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????????2030???????1990???????????????55%??2050????????????????????“????????????????????”??

??????,?????“?????????????????”???,?????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????“??????????????????”???????,«??»?:?????????;????????????????????;?????????????,??,?????,?????????,????????[18]

2020??3?????,???????????«????????????????????»,?????:??????????????;???“???????????”;???????????????????????????2021?5?????????????[19]???,???,???????????,??????????????????????????????,??,??????????“??????????????”(IPCEI)??????,??????????

2022?????,??????????????????????????,?????????,????“REPowerEU”???,???????????????????,??????,????????????????????????2030?????45%,?????????[20]

3. ???

2023??????????????????????????,?????????????????????«??????????»,??????«??????»,??,???“???????”?????????[21]

2024????,????????«???????????????????????????????»??????????????????????«?????????»????«???»?????

«??»???[22]?“????”???????;???????????????????2030?????,???????????????40%;???“?”(NZSPs),?????,????;????????????????«?????????????»????????????????????????,????????

«??????????»???????????????,??????????2030?????????????????????????????,?????????,??????????????-???????????????????????????????????,????“???”????????????????????????

(????????????)???

1. ?

2018???????????????????,????«??????????????:?????»,????????????????????????????,??,??????????,??????????????????“???”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????)?

???????????“??”(CEF),????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????,????????,?????????????????????????????????

2. ??????????????????

2017??,???????????????“???”,??????,?,???????????????,???[23]

2018?????????????????????,????«????????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???????[24]?,?????????????????:???????????????;???,???????;??????,??????;???;???????????????(????????????????);?????????????

???????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????“??????”???????????????????????“?????”????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????

(??????????????)????????????????????

1. ??

2022???????????,?«??????????»,??????????2025?320???????(GW)???????2030?????600???[25]????????????,???????????

???,???????????:??????????“??????”,???;???;???,????????;??

2. ???????????????????

???????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??;????,??????;?????????????;????????????????????????;??????????????????????

2024????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????«??????????????»,?????????????????????,?????(???????????????)???????????????????????????????????????“??”????????,??,????????

?,?????????????????????????????,????????????“????”???????????????????????“??????????????????????????”??????????????????????,?????????,????????

?????????????????:?????? - ????????????????????????????

(??)??????:??????????????“?”??????????????????????????????

?2006?,????????????“?????????????????”??????????«?????»«????????????»«????»??????????????,????????????,??????????“???”????????,??????

?????,“??????”???????“????????????????????????”??????????????????????,?,?????????????????2020?2??????2026?12?31?,?????7230??????????????????????????????,????????????????3380???????????,3850?????????,????????????????37%????????????????????????????2024??????????????4????????????????,???????879????,?????????“???????????????????????????????”??25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)??????«?»?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????2021-2027?????,????59.4?????????????????[27]

“???????????????????”???,??????:“??”“????”??“??????”?“??”????????????,“?”???“???????????????????????????????”????????????????????,“????”???????????[28]“??????????????????????”????????????????????????2023????????????,??2021-2022?2273.5???????????????????????????????

(?????)??????????????????:?????????????????

??????????“???????????????????????????”?,???????????????????????????“??????????????????”??????,?????????????!

????????,?,???????????,???????????????,?????,????????????????????[29]

???8???????20??,????????,????????????????,?????????“?????????????????????????????????????????”????????????????,??,??????????“???????????”?????????????“???????????????”??????????,??????,??????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????“?????”,????????????????????[30]

?,??????????????????2035??????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????(??)??????,??????,??????????[31]

2024????8?????????????9????,??????????????(WT/DS626?),[32]??????????????????«???»?6??«????????»???1???????????2???????????????????????10?????????????17??????????19??????????22??32?????????,?,??????????????

(????????)??????:???“???????????????”????

?????????,?????????????,?«?????»«?»«??????»??????????,???“??”???,?????????????????,???????????“????????????????????”????,??????????????????????

??????????????????,????????????????,?,??,?,???????????????“??????????????????”???????

???1957????«????????????????????????»????????“????”??,??????«???????????????»?????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????“?????????????????”????????

?????,2018?2024???????????8???,??????“????????????????????????”??,?????????????????????????????????????????362????(??????320????????????????????????????????),????????68????(??????????????????????21%),???????61??(?17%)?[33]?,?????,??????????“?”??????????????

??????|??????? ????? ????????

?

[1]????????:

[2]????????«???????????»?298?????????????????51??52???????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?????:???????????????,2024????????????????????4???????????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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[31]

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