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????:1?????????:??100??????
2?????
3???????????2023
4???????
5??????
? ????
2024?????8?20?,??????????????(AS689)???,[1]???????????17%-36.3%?????(????????????9%)??????????????2023?????????????????????9??????????13?????????????,????????????,???2023??????????10???????????????????4????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,???????????????
???????????????????????,??,??????????????????????,???????????????(??????????????)????????????????????????,???????????«?????????»????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????2019??????«?»?????,????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????2020???,??????????«??????????????»,?????????????,??????????????,??????????????????,?????,??
??????????????????????????????????????????,??
?????????????????????????
(?????)????????????????????,?????????????????????????
1. ???????????????????
??????????,??????????????????????1951??,?????????????????(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????????????«???????????»,??????????????????????(ECSC),??,????,???????????????????????????????????
1957??,???«??????????»?????????«??????»???????????????????(Euratom),??????????????????????????????(?????????????????????????????????),?????,??????????????????????,??????????????????????????????(EEC),???????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????92??????????????????????94??(state aid),??????????????[2]
2. ?????????????????????
1965?????,????«?????????????????????»,??????????????,??,?,??«?????????????»????????????????????
1974???????,???????????????????«??1985???????»,??????1985???50%,?,????????????????[3]
?,?????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????????,?????
(???????????????)????
1980???,???????????????????????????«??????1990??????»,??????,??[4]?????1974??
1986???,????????«?»,[5]?????????,???????????,????????
???????????????,????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????????
????????
1992????????,??????????«???????????????»(????????«??»),??????????????(EU),???????????????????????????????????????????????(EEC)??????????????????????(EC),?????????????«???»?????«?????????????»????
?????«??????????»??????,?????????????????,«?????????????»?????????????130?????????????????,????????
?????????,???????????????,??????????????
(???)????
1995?????????????????,?«????»?,??????,????????????????????????????????[6]
1997????????????????,?????«???????:??????????»?,[7]????????????,?????????,????????????????????
2000??????????,?????«???»???????????????,??,??[8]
????????,?????,?????????????????
(?????)?????????????
?,?2006???«???????????????????????»??????????????????????,?????,????????????????,????????????,?????????????????[9]
2007???,????????????????????????????«??????????????»,??«?????????»???«???????????????»,?????????«????»???«???»????????,«?????»???????????88???4?????,?????????????????,??????????????«?????»???????????????,??????????????[10]
2010??????????????????,????«?2020??»,????????????,??[11]
2011????????????????????,????????«2050??????????»,?2020???????,????????,???(????????????)????????????????,?????[12]
???????,????,????
?????????????????????????????
?????????????????????«???????????????????????»???107???????????,????????????????????????????,???????(?),??????????
??????????????????:????????,??,???????????????,???????????;?????????????????,???
?????????????????2023???7?????????WTO?????,[13]?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,????????????2021-2022?????????????????2273.5??????????
?????,????????????????????????????,????????,????????????????????
(?)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
1. ?????????????????????????????
2014??,??????«2030??????»,????????????2030???????????????????????,???,??????????????,?????2030?27%,????????????[14]
2015????????,???????????????????????«??????????»,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,????,????????[15]
2018?????????,??????????????«????????»,???2030???32%,??????????????????????[16]
????,????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????»,?2050?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????[17]
2. ????«??????»??«???????????????»????????????
2019??????????????????????????????,?????«???????????????»,????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????????2030???????1990???????????????55%??2050??????????????????????????????????????????
??????,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,«??»?:?????????;????????????????????;?????????????,??,?????,?????????,????????[18]
2020??3?????,???????????«????????????????????»,?????:??????????????;??????????????;???????????????????????????2021?5?????????????[19]???,???,???????????,??????????????????????????????,??,????????????????????????(IPCEI)??????,??????????
2022?????,??????????????????????????,?????????,????REPowerEU???,???????????????????,??????,????????????????????????2030?????45%,?????????[20]
3. ???
2023??????????????????????????,?????????????????????«??????????»,??????«??????»,??,???????????????????[21]
2024????,????????«???????????????????????????????»??????????????????????«?????????»????«???»?????
«??»???[22]????????????;???????????????????2030?????,???????????????40%;????(NZSPs),?????,????;????????????????«?????????????»????????????????????????,????????
«??????????»???????????????,??????????2030?????????????????????????????,?????????,??????????????-???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????
(????????????)???
1. ?
2018???????????????????,????«??????????????:?????»,????????????????????????????,??,??????????,?????????????????????(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????)?
?????????????(CEF),????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????,????????,?????????????????????????????????
2. ??????????????????
2017??,??????????????????,??????,?,???????????????,???[23]
2018?????????????????????,????«????????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???????[24]?,?????????????????:???????????????;???,???????;??????,??????;???;???????????????(????????????????);?????????????
???????????,?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????
(??????????????)????????????????????
1. ??
2022???????????,?«??????????»,??????????2025?320???????(GW)???????2030?????600???[25]????????????,???????????
???,???????????:????????????????,???;???;???,????????;??
2. ???????????????????
???????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??;????,??????;?????????????;????????????????????????;??????????????????????
2024????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????«??????????????»,?????????????????????,?????(???????????????)?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??,????????
?,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,????????
?????????????????:?????? - ????????????????????????????
(??)??????:?????????????????????????????????????????????
?2006?,???????????????????????????????????????«?????»«????????????»«????»??????????????,????????????,?????????????????????,??????
?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,?????????????????2020?2??????2026?12?31?,?????7230??????????????????????????????,????????????????3380???????????,3850?????????,????????????????37%????????????????????????????2024??????????????4????????????????,???????879????,??????????????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
?(CEF)??????«?»?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????2021-2027?????,????59.4?????????????????[27]
??????????????????????,??????:?????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????[28]??????????????????????????????????????????????2023????????????,??2021-2022?2273.5???????????????????????????????
(?????)??????????????????:?????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????!
????????,?,???????????,???????????????,?????,????????????????????[29]
???8???????20??,????????,????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,??????????,??????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????[30]
?,??????????????????2035??????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????(??)??????,??????,??????????[31]
2024????8?????????????9????,??????????????(WT/DS626?),[32]??????????????????«???»?6??«????????»???1???????????2???????????????????????10?????????????17??????????19??????????22??32?????????,?,??????????????
(????????)??????:??????????????????????
?????????,?????????????,?«?????»«?»«??????»??????????,????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????
??????????????????,????????????????,?,??,?,????????????????????????????????????????
???1957????«????????????????????????»??????????????,??????«???????????????»?????,?????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????
?????,2018?2024???????????8???,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????362????(??????320????????????????????????????????),????????68????(??????????????????????21%),???????61??(?17%)?[33]?,?????,?????????????????????????
??????|??????? ????? ????????
?
[1]????????:
[2]????????«???????????»?298?????????????????51??52???????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]?????:???????????????,2024????????????????????4???????????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?????????????????????:
[30]??????:
[31]
[32]????(WT/DS626??????????????????????):
[33] ??????????:???