????????????????|???:?????

????:?????????????:????????????

????????????12???????19?? ???:??????????

????????????????

???????? ???????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????????”??????????????????

?????????????:

??????:???????

?????:1998?????????,?????????,????3???????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,???????,????????????????25???????

?????????,?????????????,???1983????????????,??“??”???,???????????????????????????????????????????????15????????????????????????????????,????????

??????????????????????????????????????,???,????????????????:?????,????,?????????“????????????”??????????????????10????????,???????,????34????????????100????????,??,??,??????????80??,???2008?????,???«?????????????????»??,?????????????

??,??“????????”????????????,????????????????,??????????,????«?????»????

??????????????:??????????,????????????????????

??:?????????????????«?????????»???????,??????17????,????,??????????“??????????”????????,????“?????”???20???????,????????????????“????????????????????????”,????“????????????????”,????????????

????,???????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????;?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?????

???,?????????????,????????????????????1757????1772?????«?????????????????????????»???????«?????????»,????????????????????????,?????????,??????????,????,??????,??????“???????????”(Chinoiserie)??

??????????????????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????????,???????????,?????

??:????????,????,????

?????????????????????:?????17???????,????????????????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????,????????,????,??????????????,????,??????????????????????????????????,?????

???1735?«??»???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,???????????????????????1752???????«????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)?????????????,?,????,??????

????????????????????????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)??17????,??????

?????????????????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711?????1712???????????????«????????????»?????????????????,??????“????????????????”????“????????????”?,??????????????????,?????

???????????,??????,????????????

???:??????????????,????????????

??????:????????,??????????????????18??“??”,?????1782???????????,???????????,??????????“??????????????????”,????????

1779????,?????????????“???????????”???“?????????”????????????????????????«?»??????????????????1941????????????????????,???????????????“???”“?????????”“??”“??????????????????????”?????????????????????“??????????????”?

????,?,???“??”??????????????????????,?????????“?”????,?,???????????????????

????,?????????????????????,??????????????

???????:????,????,?????????

?????????????:????,????????????????????????“??????????”????,?????????????????????????????,?????,?????????????,????,??????????

???????????????????????,??,??????????????????,????????,?????,???????????(??????????????) ??:??????