????:1?????????:???????????

2??????

3????????

4??????????

5??????

??????7??????4??????? ?:????????????38???????

? ??????

??:????????????????????38????????:????:???????

??15?,??????????????,??????,????????,????,???????

20???????60???????????,??????????“??????????????”????????,????????????1986????????????????????,30???????????????38??????????????????,???????,???????

???,???“????????”“????”?????????????,?????????????????,“???,??”???????????????

2024???????5??????????,??????? ? ??????

???????????????

????????????????,11??????????????????,?????????????????????,??????“??”????????????????????,“??”???????

????,???????????1987?«????????»?

“???‘??????’,?????‘???????’?”20??80???????????????????,?,100????“??????????!”?????“?????????”?

??,?????????,???????1986??,?????????????

?????,?????????????“???????????????”????????,????????????

1987?,???????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????,?78?????,???????2470?????????????????

???,?????????,?????????????????«??»???????????,??????,??????????????????

?????????????????????“?????????”

?????????????,?????,????????????????1909?????«??????????????»,??????????????350?,??????????????100???????????????????,?????????????“????”??

1987??????????,?????,?????????????(??????????)

?,“??????,???????????,??,??”?

???????,?????“??,???????”??????,???????,??????

???????????????????,?,??????,???????

???,?????????,???????????????????????,2003?????????????,?????????“?????? ??????????????”???????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????

????????????????????????????“??????”

??????,??,?????????????1997??,??,??????????????100????,?????????????????????“?????”?????

“?????,???????????!”????????????????????,????????,??????????????,??????

???,????;?????????????“??????????????????”????????????????400?????????????,???????????????????10??……?????????,???????????????????2000??,?,????????????????????,??????,??,????????,????????

????,??????????????……?,??????

2001????,????“?????????????”,???????

??????,?????????2019??????,?,????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????131????????????,?????????????????27????????????????????????,?????????????

????????“???”

“????,??????????,??????????????”?,??

????????????????,?????????????????“??”,??????????????????2022????2023??????????????????,3842????????????????520?,??????????????151?????,???

???1???????????????,?,??????????23??,????????????????????5????,????????????,?????,???????????????????“????”?

2024?????????6????????,????????? ? ?????????

??,???????????«?????????????»???????,??????,“????,????????????????????”?

???,???????30??????????????????????????????????,????“???????????100”??????????,????100??,?????“??????????????????,??????????????????”????????????

???50??????????????????????,????????????????,????????????

“??,???????????????????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????????”???????«??????????????????»??????????????

???????????,????????????????,???????,“???,?????????????????,????”?

“?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????,?????????”???(?)

??????:

???????????(William Lindesay),??????,???,???????,?????????«??»«??????:????????????????????»«?? ????»??????????,???????1998???????;2006????????????????????????;2008?????????????“????????????”?

????????????:??????????