????:1???????:????????

2????????????

3?????????

4???????????

5???????????

????12??19?????????????????????? ????:??????

????????????????????????????

??????? ???????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”????

????????:

?????:???

????:1998??,????????????????,?????3??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,????25????????????

????,?????????????????,??????????????1983???????????,?????????“?????”?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????15??????????????,?????????????????

????????????????,?,??????????:??,????????????,??????“??”????????????????????????????????????10?????????????,???????????????,??34????????????100??????,????????????????,??????,???80?????,?????2008????????????????,????«??»???????????????????????,?????

????????????????,????“???”????????????????,???????,?????????????,?????????«???????????????»??????????

????:????????????,?????????????????

?:???????????«??»?????????????????????????,???????????????????????17????,????,????“????????”???????,??????????“???????????”????????20???,????“?????????”,?????????????????????“??”,?????????????????????

????,????,????????????????????????????????????????????????;?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,??????????????

??,????????????????,??????????????????1757????????????1772?«??????????????????????????????????????»???????????«??»,???????????????????,????,????????,??????????,???????,???????“???????????”(Chinoiserie)??????????

?????????,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????,???

??????????????????:?????,??,???????

????????????:??????????????????17???,????,????????????????,????????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????,???????????????,?????????,?????,???

??1735???«????»??????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????1752?????????????????«???»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)?????????????,??????????,????????,???

??????(Johannes Nieuhoff)????????????????17??,??????????????????????

??????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711?1712??«??»???,??????“??????”?????????????“????????”??,????,????????????

???????????????????????????,????,???

????????????:????????????,???????????????????????

??????????????????:?????????????????,??18??????“????????????????”,???1782?????????????????,????????????,????“??????????”,??????????????

1779????,?????????“??”???????????????????“????”?????????????????????????????????????????????«?»???????????????????1941??????????????????,????“?????”“??????”“?????????”“?????”????????“????????????”?

??????????????????????????,????,?????????“?????????”????,????????“????”????????,?????????,????????????????

????,???????????????????????????,??????

???????:????,?????????,?????

??????:?????,????????????“???????????????????”???????????,?????????????????,???,?????,???????????????????,???

???????????,????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????,???????,??????(???) ??:?????????