????:1???????:??????

2??????spa???

3???????????

4???????

5???????98?

?????????2??13????????????? (?????? ????)??,??????????????,??????,?????????????????????????,???????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????13?????????

???1967??????????????????,?????????????????????????“???????”?????????????,???????,??????,?????

??,???????????????????????????????,?????

?,?????????????50GPa???????????????,????????????????????“????????”??????????????????????????,??,??

???????????????,??,?????

??,????????????,?????????????155±9GPa,??40%????????????????????????,??????????????1100?,???900??

???????????,???????????????????1.2????????,?????,????????????,??????????,????(???????????) ??????????:??????