????:1????????:??????????

2??????

3?????2023

4????????

5????????????

?75??????75??????????,??????????????,????????????????,????????,?????,??????????????????????,???

??,??,????????????????,2023??????????????223???????????????GDP??????????89???????????????????43.6?????????????……?75????,“?????????”?????????75?????????,????“?????????”???????,??????????????????????????,???????????????????????

???????????? ????????????

???????7.9%

???????????????????

??????????,????????????????,????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,???1952?679???,??1978??3679?;?????,?,1986??1??,2000?????10??,2006??????????20???????????,????12?????10??????????,2020??????100????????,2023?126??????????????,????????????????,2023??????????1952???????223??????????,???????7.9%;???,19792023???????8.9%,???3.0%??????

????????????GDP?8.9?

??

1952?????????????,????GDP?????119?????????????,?????,??????GDP??????2019?????????????,????GDP???70078?????????,???10158?,?????1?;2023???89358???,??1952??????89???,????6.5%,??????12681?,????3?1.2??????,2023??????(GNI)??????1.34??????????????,??

?????

?

?,????,???????????1952???????,?????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%???????????????,??????????????????????,????????????????????????????

???,????,??????????,??????????,??????2023??????,?????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%?????,????????????????????9??1.3???,??????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????,?????????,???????????“???????+”?????????

“??????????”??????22.4????

???????????????????

???,???????,??,???,?????????????

20132023??????????????,?????????????????????????????8.7%?10.3%,??????????,??????????5G???,“?”??,?????????

?????2023???????????,????????421????????????????;?,???????????????????????????????????

????????,?????????????????????????????,“??”??2023???????????,??????“???????”??????????22.4??,????GDP????17.73%?

??????????????

????

1949????????????2.2????????????,?????8.1???,????????????75????,??,??????????,?????????????????????,?????????????

2023????????????,?????15.9?????????,????1949????6?,????4.5??????????,?????????2/3???????????????????;????????????????544???,??????????66??,?????????18.4????,??????????????;?12.8?????,??74.1%;?876???????????,2023?????1.7????,????2016??10??,???????????????????,???????????????????????????

????????3.92????

???

1949?49.7????????1978??????????????????????????,??171??,????????151??,??????????????,??????,?????????,????,?????2023???,?39218?,??1949????????76?????????????,??????????????6.0%;?26796???,???1956???????????????36??,?????????5.5%?

?,???,??2023???????????,???????29.8%,?????????1978??34.1??;???????????45.2%,?2013????5.5?????????????????????,??????,?????????2023????????,??????????????49.7?????????,??????????????????145.9?,??2013?2.9??????2.1??????????????????????

???????????????

??

?????????,?????????????????????,??????????

???????,?????????????????????,????????????,??????????????????????????????,?,?,?????????

2023??????????,????????????10.66????,?1989??????????????????10.09?;??????????????????????????????2.44??????????????3.02??,??1994??????????????????????????1.64???????????2.84?????????????,??????,??????,?????????????

9899?????????????

???????

????,?????????20??5070?,???????????????,????????????????,?“??”???????,????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????

???????,????????,???????????8???????????,????????2020????????9899????????????????,832?????????,12.8????????,????,?????????,?????????????10????«?????2030?»????????????,????,???????????????????

???????????????60%

????

?,??????,?????????????,???

2023??????????,????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????????????????1.6???????4542???????????????????????,??????????????????????1949??????6.4???????103??????????,??(OECD)?????????

???????,??,??????????????????2023?,?60%,????????????;??1982????????8?????????11.05??,?????????????????

?????????????

??????????????

1950???,?????????11.3????,??1978??????????????206???????????????,??,2001?,???????,???

????????????,?????????,?,??????????????1978??1%?????2023??????????????????12.4%,???????7?????????????????“???”?,????????????150??????????????30???????230?????????????????????????????“??????”??????????,??25???????????200??,????“???????”?

?

???????????

??????,????????????,?????????????????????,?????????,????1999?????????,?????????????????????????2012???????,??,??????????4.9,????????1952????????8.1?

??,?????????????????????????????????????????????,????20132023??,???????????????6.9%?7.1%,?????2023???,??????????????????46.7%?24.4%,?2012????2.9???????0.9???????????

??????????????46.3????

??????????????

??,?????,???????????1956????????“???????????????????????”????????,?????????????,???????,???????????,??

????????,?,?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??“??????????”,????????????,???????11??,?,?????????????????????????????2023???????,???,????????????????46.3?????

????????????66%

?????????????

?????????,???1949???10.64%,1978???????????????17.92%?????,?????????????????????????,??2023??????????,??????????9.3?,?????????1978??7.6??;????66.16%,?48.24??????????

??????????????,??????????,????????,???2023?????????,????????????48.3%,?????????????2015????????8.4????????????,?????,???,????????????????????2012??2.88:1??????2023??????????????2.39:1?2023??,?12.4:1,??2013????????????1.4?2023???460???????????,??????99%??????????,?14.4?????????????

?3246???????????????6833???????????

??????????????????????????????

1949??????????,????????????,???,????,?????2023???,????????3246???????6833??????????,?????????1949????59???????????325??????????????????;??119?(???)?

???,?????,????,?????,???2022??????????,??????????4.46%,???2013??0.77???????;?????????????????2012???888????????2023?1622???????????

?78.6?????????????

????????????????????

????,?????,???75???????????,????????,???????,???2023???????,????????????????107?,??1017?????????,???1249????

??,???????????,??,???2023??,?13.34???,?????????2018????????95%???2023???????????,??78.6???,??1949?43.6?????????????????,??????

?24.02%

?????????

20??????????50????????????????,???????????????????,??????????,???????????????,??????????????“???????????????????????”???????????2022???????????????????????,???????????9014???????????,????????20??????????80????????25?30?;??18%,???

?,“?????????????????????”??????????????24.02%?2023?,???(PM2.5)?2016????????????????????????28.6%,????21.6????????????????????????????,????????????????,???????????????????“?????”??????????“????????”,????????(???????????) ????:?????????