????:1?????:??????

2?????????

3??????????

4?????

5???????

????10??1?????????(?????????)????10???1????????,??????????????????????,?????,????????????102???????????

9?????????27??,??????????,???????,????,???????????????????,???????????????,?????????

????????9?27??,??????????,??????(?????????:?)

????????,?????????????????,?????,?????;????????????,????????????????????,???,?????

“?????????,????”

??????????1957?,?????????????????????

?????????,??????????????????,???????

?????????,?????,???,??????????,????

???,?????,?????????????????????,?????????????,????????????????????????,???????????

1981????????????,???????????????????,?????,???????????1986???????

??????????????????????,?????,????????????“?????????”,????

“1984??????????,???,????????????????????,???????????,??????????,?????:????????????????????????,????,????????,???”???????

???,????????“????,????????????,??????,??????????????????????????,??????????,????????????”

????????????:???????? 

?“??????????”??????????????“???”,????,??????“????????”???????“?????????????”?????????????,?:?????????????????

“????????????????DNA”

???????????????80?90?,?????,???????????“55???????????????”,????,“55????????????????????”?,???????

?????,??????????????,????????,??????,????

??????????

1988????????????,???????????“???”,???????????,??????????????

???????????????,?????????????,????“?????????????”???????“?????????????????”?

?????,????????????“?????”(????)??????????

1993????????,“55????????????????”????????,???????????,????,?????????????????????,?,??????????

??1997???????????,???????“??????????????????????”,???????,??????????:“?????????????????DNA”?

????“DNA”???????????????????????,??????????????????????

2007????????,??????,????:“?????????????????????????????????‘?????,??????????’,????????”

2009????????????????????,????????,????????????

??????????“???????????”,????????,????????????????????“????????????”???????????????????

??????“??????????”?????????,?????,????????????????????????????,???

2012???,??????????????????,???????????????,??2018?,???????????,??45%???????????????????“??????”????,??????????????????,??

??,???,???,?????????

????????????

??????????

2013???5???????,?????????????????,“???????????”????:“????????????????????,??????????”

??,????“????”??????????“??????????????”,????????????

???????????:?????????

???????2002?????,??????,??????“???”?

???????????,?????????????????,?????,??????????????????

?,?????????????,????????????,??????????????

??,?????“????????”?????????????,??,??????“???”,???????????????,?,??????“?????”???????????,??????

??????????,???,??????????,???????????,????????????,??????????????????????,??,???????????,??????????,????????????????,?????,????

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