????:1????????????:??????????

2??????????

3????????

4???????????

5????????

????12?????19????????? ????????????:????????????

???????

????????????????????? ?????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????“??????????????????????”???????????????????????????????????

?????????:

????:???????

??:1998?????????,????????????,???????????????3????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????,?????25????????????????

?????????????????,????,???????????????????1983?????,????“??????????”???????,????????????????????????????????15?????????????????????????,?????

?????????????????????,???,????????:??????,???????,????????????????“??????”?????????????10???,????????????????????????????,?????????34???????????????????100?,?????,?????,????80??,?????????????2008????????????????,?????????«?????»??,???

?????????????,?????????“??????????”??????????????,???????,?????????????????????,????«???»??????

?????:????????????????,?????????????????????????????????

?????:??«???»???????????????????????,??????????????17??,????,????????????????“???????????”???????????,??“??”?????????????????20?????????????,???????“??????????????”,????????????“????”,?????????????????

?????????????????????,??,?????????????????????????????????????????;???????????,??????????????????????,??,??????????????

?????????????,???????????????????,????????????????1757??????????????????1772?????«??????????????????»?????????????????«????????»,???????,??????,?????????,????????,??????????????????,?????????“??????????????????????????”(Chinoiserie)??????

???????????????????,????????????????????????????????,???????????????,????????,?????????????????????

??:????,?????????????,???????????????

?????????????????????:??17???????,?????????????????,???????????,?????,?????,????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????????,??????,???????????????

?????1735????«???????????»???????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???????1752?????????????«?????????????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)????????????,??????,??????,?????????

?????????????????????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)?????????????????17??,???????????????????????

??????????????(Joseph Addison)1711????1712????????????????«??»??????????????,??“?????”???????“?”??,????????????,?????

???????????????,?,??????????

????:???????,?????

????:??????????????????,???18???“??????????????”,??1782???????????????,???????????????,?????????????“????”,???????????

1779??,?????“????”????“?????”??????????????????????????????????????????«?»?????????????????????1941?????????????????????????,????“??????”“??????????????????????????????????????”“????????”“????”????“????”?

????,???????,??“?”???,?????“????”?,?????????,?????????

??????,???????????????????????????????????,??????

?????:??,????????????,???

??:?????????????,?????“?????”????,??????????,??????????,????????????????????????,??,??????

???????????????????,????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,?????,????(????) ????????:?????????????????