????????????????|????:????

????:???????????:?????

???????12??????????????????19???? ?:???????????????????

?????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????? ??????????

????????????????????????????????????????????“????”????

???????????????:

??????:?????

????:1998??,??????????????,???????????3??,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,????????????????????????25???

??,????????,????????????????????1983????????,??“??????”??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????15??????,?????

???????,?????????????????,???????????:?????????,??????,???????????“??????”?????????????????10????????????,???????????????????,??34??????????100?????????????,??????,???,?????????????80??????????????????????,?????????????2008????,?????«?????????»????,????????????????

?????????????,????????????“??”?????????,????,????????????????????,?????«???»???????????????????

??:????????????????????,????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????:?????«????????????????»????,???????????????17?????????????,????,????????????“?????”??????????????????????,?????“?????”????????????20?????????,?????????“?????????????”,??“?”,???????????????????????????

??,?????,???????????????????????????????????????????;????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,???

????,??????????????,?????????????????1757????????????1772??«?????????????????????????????»??????????????«???????????»,???????????????????????,???????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?????????,???????????“??????????????”(Chinoiserie)??????????????????

?????,???????????????????????????????????,????????????,??????????????,???????????

??:??????????????,??,?????

?:????17?,????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,?,??????????????????????????,?,?????,???????????????????????????????????????

?1735??????????«?????????????»???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,??????????1752????????????????«?????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)????,????,????????????,???????????

???????????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)????17??,??????????????????????

?????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711?????????????????1712???«????»?????,????????“??”???“?????????????????”????,???????????,??????????????????????

???????????????????????????????,?,???

??:????????????????,???

????:??????????????,????18????????????“????”,?????1782?????????,????????????,???“????”,?????????

1779??,????“???????”????????“????????????????”?????????????????????????«?»???????1941???????,??????????“??????????”“??????????????????”“?????”“??”???“????????????”?

??,????,?????????“?????????????”????,?????????“????????????”???,????????,????????

????,???????????????????????????,???

?????:??,????,??????????????????

??:????,??????????????????“?????????”??????,??????????????????????????????,?????????,?????,??????,?????

????????,?????????,??????????????,????,???,???(???) ??????:???