???????:?????????????,????“DNA”?

????:????95?????:??????

????????????????????10???????????1??????????????????????(??)??10??????1??????,????????????????????,?????????,???????????102???????????

9??27??????????????????,????,????????????,??????????,??????????????????????,???????,?????????????????

????9????????????27???????,?,???????(????:????????????????????)

???????????????,????????,???????????,??;??????????,???????????????????,?????,???????

“??????,???”

????????????1957????????,?????

???????????,?,????

???????,??????,?????,??????????,??????????

????,???????,????????????,????????,?????,???????????????????????

1981???,????????????????????????????????,??????????,?????1986???????

?????????????????????,????,??????????????????????“???????????”,??????????

“1984???,?????????,????????,????????????,?????????????,????????????:??????????,??????????????????,????????????,??????????”??

????????????????,???????????“???????????????,?????????,?????,????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????”

???:?????? 

????????“????”??????????????????“????????”,???????????????,?????????????“??”???????????“??????????????”????????????,???????????:???????????

“??????????DNA”

??80?90??????????????,?????????????????,???“55???”,?????????????????,“55?”???,??

????,????????????,?????????????????,??????,??????

??

1988?,??????“???????????”,???????????,??

??,???????????????,?“?”?????“?????????”?

??????????,?“???”(????)???

1993??????????,“55??????????????”????,??????????????????????????,?????????,????????????,??????,????

???1997???????????????,????????????????“??????????”,??,?????????????????:“?????????DNA”?

??????????“DNA”????????,?????????????

2007?,??,?????:“???????????‘?????????????,?????????????’,???”

2009?????,?????,?????????????????????

?????????????????“??”,?,???“??”??????????

?“????????”???????????,??????????????,?????????????????,?????

2012?????????,????,????????????,???????????????????2018?????,????????????????,???45%???????????????“?”?????,???,????

???????,??????,?????,?????

???????

????

2013?5???????,???,“??????”?:“????????????,???????”

?????????,??????“???”??????????????????????“??”,???????

????????:?????????

???????????2002???????????????,?????,??????????????????????????“?????????????????”?

???????????,???????????????????????????,????,??????????

?????????????,???,???,?????????????????????

????????????????????,????“?????”?????????,????,?????????????????????????????????“???”,???,????????,????“????”??????,?????

?????????????,??????????????????????,????????????????,????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????????????,?????,?????????????,?????,?????????,??????????,???????

??????????:?????????????