????:1????????:????

2??????????

3??????150

4????????

5???????????

?????????75?????????????????75???,??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???,?????,??????,??????????????????????

?,??????,????????????????,2023?????????????223????????????????????????????GDP??????????89???????????????????????43.6?????????????????……?????????75??,“??????????????”??75??,?????????????“??????????”?????,????????????????????????,?????????????

??? ???????????

????????7.9%

????????

?????,????????,?????????????????????????,???????????,???1952??????????679?????????,????1978?????3679???;?,??,1986??????????????1????????,2000????????????????10??,2006??20????,?????????12??????????????10??????????,2020?????100????????????,2023???????126??,???????,2023?1952?223?,???7.9%;?,19792023????????????????8.9%,??3.0%?????????????

??????????GDP???8.9??

????????????

1952?????,?GDP??????????119??????????????????,????????????????,????GDP??????????2019??,?GDP??70078??,???????????10158?????????????,??1?;2023????????????89358???????????????????????,???1952??????89?,??????????6.5%,?????12681?,?????3??????1.2??????,2023?(GNI)?1.34????????,???????????

??????????

????

??,??,?????????1952????????????,???????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%????????????????,?????,????

???,????????,???????,????,??????????2023?????????????,??????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%???????????,?????????9????1.3?,?????????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,??“????????????+”???????????????????

“?????”??????????????22.4???????

????

???????????,???,????????????,?????,???????????????

20132023??,???????????8.7%?10.3%,???????,???????????????????????????????5G???????????????,“????????????”????,?????????????????

???2023??,????????421?????????;??????????????????,???????????????????????

?????????????,???????????????????,“??????”???????????????2023????,?????“???????????”????????????????????????22.4??,????????????GDP??????????17.73%?

?????????????

??

1949?????2.2??????????,??8.1???????????,????????????????????????????75?????,??????,?,????????,???????????????????????

2023??,??????15.9???????????,??????????1949?????????6?,????4.5???????,??????????????????2/3?????????;????????544???,?????????????66?,??????????????????????????18.4???,???;????12.8???????,??74.1%;?????876???????,2023???1.7????????,??????????????????????????????2016????10????????????????,???,?????????????????????????????????

????????3.92????????????

???

1949????49.7???1978????????,?171??,???151?????????,??????????,??????????,????,?,????????????2023?,?????????????39218??????????,???????????????????????1949??????76???????,??????????????????????????????6.0%;????26796?,????????1956?36?????????,????????5.5%?

?????,????????????????,???????????2023?????????????,?????????????29.8%,??????????1978????34.1????????;????????45.2%,??????2013???????????5.5??????,?????????????,????????????????2023???????,????49.7????,??145.9??????????????,???????2013????????2.9????????????2.1????????????

??

??????????

????????,???????????????????,??????????????????

????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???????,?????????,???,???

2023??????,?????????????10.66??,??????????1989????????????????????10.09?;???????????2.44?????????????3.02??,????1994???1.64?????2.84????????????,?????????,??,??

9899??????????

???

???,????????????????????????20??????????5070?????????,???,?????????????,?“?”??,????????,????

??,??,???????8???????,?2020????9899?????,832??,12.8??,????,????????????????????????????,???????????10???????«?????????2030??????»??,??????????????,???????????????????

?????????????60%

?

??,????????????????,?,????

2023?????,???????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;?????????????1.6???????????4542??,??1949???6.4??103???,?????(OECD)?????

??????????,???????,??????????????????2023???,?60%,??????;?????1982?????????8??11.05??????????????????????,???????????????????

????

????

1950??,???????????11.3?,????1978??????206?????????,???????????????,2001??????????????,????????,??

????????,???????????,??????????,???????????????????????????????????????1978?1%??????????2023??????????12.4%,?????????????7????????????????“??????????????”????????????,???????????150???30??????230???????????????????“??????????????????????????”?????????,???????25????????200?,????“????”?

?????????

???????????

?,?????,???????????????????????????,????????????,???1999?,?????????????????2012?,???,????????????4.9,????????1952??????????8.1?

???,??????????????????????????????????????,??20132023??????????,???????????????????????????????6.9%?7.1%,????????2023????,??????????????????????46.7%?24.4%,??2012?2.9?????????????0.9??

??46.3??

??

????????????,??????,?????????1956????????????“??”???????????,??????????,??????????,?,?????

????,????????,?????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?“??”,?????????,??11????????,????,??????????????????2023?,???,?????46.3?????????

??????????66%

??

???????????,??????????????????????????????1949???10.64%,1978?17.92%??,???????????????????,????????????????????2023??????????,????????9.3?????????????????????,??1978?????????7.6??????;??66.16%,?48.24?????

?????????,?,?????????,??2023?????????????????,?48.3%,??2015?????????????????????8.4??????????,??????,?????,????????????????2012?2.88:1????????????2023????2.39:1?2023??,????????12.4:1,??2013?1.4?2023???460??????????,??99%??????????,????14.4???????????

???3246??????????????????????6833??????????

?????????????

1949??,?????????????,?????,??,??????2023???,??????????3246?????????????6833?,????????1949??????????????59???????????????????????????????325??;?119?(???????????????????)?

?????????,???????,??????????????,?????,????????2022?,??????4.46%,???2013????0.77?;?2012???888??2023????????????????????1622??

????????????78.6?

???????????

?,??????????,??????75???,??,?????????????,??2023??,??107?,?1017??????????,??1249????????????????????????

??,??,?,????????????2023?,?????????13.34???,????2018??95%????????????????2023???,????????????????78.6??????????????,????????1949???????????????43.6?????????,?????????????

???????????????????24.02%

????????????

20??????????????50????????????,?????????,??????,????,??“?????????”????????2022????????,??9014??????????,?????????20???80???????25??????????????30???????;??????????18%,????

?,“??”??????????????????????24.02%?2023???,???????????(PM2.5)?????????2016????28.6%,???????????????????????????21.6???????????????????????,????????????????????,?“???????”???????????“??”,??????????(?????????????) ???:???