????:1???????:??????????

2?????????

3?????????????

4????????

5???????????

?????????????2???????????????10???????????? ????????:????:???????????? ??

?????????????? ?????????

?,?????“???????????”?????????????“??????????”????????????,??,?????????(??)???,???,???????????????

????????? ? ???

??????????1890??????(??????????????)???,??,??????????????15???,??????????????,???????????,??????19????????????,?“?????????????”(?????????????????)?

??????“00?”??????????,??????????????,???????,????????????????????,?????????????????????????????

????,“????????,???,?????????”??????????????5000????,??????????????……?????????

“???,??????????????,??,2023????,?????”????????????,“?????????????????,??????”

???????????????(??????????)????????????? ?? ??

?,????????24????,???????,?????????????????????????,???,?????,????????

???????????????,?????????1923???????????“??”??,?????????,??????,?????????

?,????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????“?”??????????,1941?????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????????????????????

????,?????,?????????????????????????,???????

1941???????????,??????,???????????,???????????,???????????????????“???”,????????????1950?????10????1???????,?????????,?????

?????????,??????,??????????????????????25?????????????????????????“???”?????,???,??????

?????????????,???,?????????????????????????????,??????,??????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????

1953?,????,???????,????????????????????,?????,????,??????«??»,???????????“??????”?

1960??,?????????,???????????1962?????3???,?????????????????,1963??10??????,???????

???????????,?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????:“????????????,???,?????????????!”“??????,?????????????????????????”?

????????????????????????? ??? ?????

??2????????,??,??????????????????,????,?????

??????????????,????????,??,???????????????????,“?????????,1?,??????????????,??????????”(??)

???????????????:??