??????“????????????”???

????:??????:????????

?????????? ???????????

2024???????????8??20????????????????,?????(AS689)???????????????????????????????,[1]????????????????????????????????17%-36.3%?????????????????????(??????9%)???2023??9??13???“???????????”????????????????????,???????????,?????????????2023??????10?4???????????,????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????“?????”?????,?????

????????????,?????????,???????????,????“???????????????”(??????????????????????????????????????????)?????????????????,?????????????????????????«?????»?,????????????“??????”?????????????????????????2019?«????????????????????????»?,??????????,??“??????”?????????????????????2020?,??????????????«??????????????????????????»,????????????????????,????????????????????????“???????????????”?????????????,????????,????????,???

?????????“???????”??????????,??

??????????

(????????????????)?,??

1. ?????????

????,???????????????1951?,?(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????«?????????????????»,??????????????“??????”(ECSC),?,?,????????????????????????????

1957??,?????«????»??????????????«?????»????????“????????????????????”(Euratom),?(????),?????????????,????????,????????????“??????”(EEC),???,??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????92????????94??????(state aid),??[2]

2. ???

1965??,?????????????????????«??????????????»,?,??????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????«???????????»??????????

1974????????,?????????????????????«?1985??????????»,?1985????????50%,???????????,????????????????????[3]

????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????,????,?,??????????????????????????????

(?)???????????????

1980???,????????«??????????????1990??????????????????????»,??????????????????,??[4]???????????1974?????????????

1986??????,????????????????«???????»,[5]?????,????????????????????????,???????????????

??????????,????????,??,??????

?????

1992?????????????????????????????,???????????????????«??»(??«?????»),??????“????”(EU),??????????????????????“??????????????????????”(EEC)???????????“???”(EC),?«????????»?????«??????????????????????»???????????????

??«??????????????????????»????????????????,?????????????????????????,«?»????130??????????????????????,????????????

???,????????????????????,???????“?????”????????

(????????????)???????????????

1995???,??????????????????«??????????????»?????,???????????????,????????[6]

1997????????,????????????«????????????????????:????????????????»???,[7]?,???,?????????????????????????????????

2000????????????,???????«???????????»???????,???????????????????,????[8]

??,????????,????

(??)???????????

???,?????2006???????????????????????????????«?????????»????????????????,???????,??????,????????????????????,????????????????[9]

2007??,?????????????«?»,???????????????????«?????????????????»????«??»,?????????????????«???????»?«?»???????????,«??????»????????88????4??????????????????????????,???,????????«?????????»???????“????????”???????????,????????????????????????????????[10]

2010????????,????????«????????2020???????»,??????????????????????????,???[11]

2011???????????????,??«2050????????????????»,???????????????????????????2020????,???????????,???(?????????????????????????)??????????????????????????,??[12]

?????????,???????????????,???????????

????????????????“??????”??

?«????????????????????????»?107??????????,???????????????,???????????????????(???),??

????????????“?????”???????????????:??????,??????????????????,????,???;????????????????????????,???????

?????2023??????7??????????????WTO?,[13]???????????????,???????????“??”???????????????????????“???”?????,??????????????,??????????2021-2022???2273.5????????

?????????,???“?”???????,?????????,????

(??????????????)????????????????????????????????????“??”?????????????????????

1. ?“??????”???????????

2014???,???«2030????????????????????????»,??2030???????????????,???,?,????????2030?????????????27%,???????????????[14]

2015??,??«????????????????????????»,???“?????????????”,???????????????????????????????????????,?“????????”??????????????,????????????????,??????[15]

2018?,??«??????????»,??????????2030???32%,???[16]

???,???????????????????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????»,????????????2050???“???????????????????”?????????????????,?“???????????????????????”???????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????,????????????????????????[17]

2. ????«??????»????????????????????????«?????»?????????????????????“???????”???????????????

2019??????,???«??????»,???????????????????????????,????????,??????????2030????????????????1990?????55%??????????????2050???“??????????????”???????

??,???????“???????????????”???????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????“??????????”????????????,«?????????»??????????:???;??????????????????;????????????,?????,??????????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????[18]

2020????????????3???,???????«?????????????????»,????????????:???;????????????????“???????????????????????”;????2021?5??????????????????????????????????[19]????????????????????????,????????,??????????????????????????,???????????,??????????????????,?????????????????“???????????????????”(IPCEI)?,??

2022????,????,??????,??????“REPowerEU”?,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????2030???45%,???[20]

3. ???????????????????????

2023??????????????,???????????????«?????»,?????????????????«??»,?????????????,?????????????“?”?????????????????????[21]

2024?????????????,?????????????«??????»???????«???»?????????????????????«???????????????»??????????????????????

«?????????????»?????????[22]?“???????????”??????????????;?????2030???????????,??????????????40%;??????????“??????????”(NZSPs),????????,??;???????«????»?????,?????????????????

«?»??,??????????2030???????,????????,????????????-?????????????????????????????????????,????????“??”?????????????????

(??????)???????

1. ??

2018??????,?????????????«?????????:???????????»,??????????????????,?????????????????????,???,???????????????????“???????”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????)?

???????????????“?”(CEF),????????,???????????????????????????,???????????,?,??????????

2. ?????????????????????

2017???????????,???????“??”,???,??????????,???????????????,???????[23]

2018????????,?«????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????[24]?????,????????????????????????????????:????;?????,?????????;??,????????????????????;?????;??????(??????);??????

??????,??,?????????????“????????”??????????????????“????”???????????????????,?,?????????

(????????)?????

1. ?????????

2022??????????,???????????????????????????????????«?????»,??????????????????????????????2025??????????????320?(GW)????2030??????600??[25]?????????????????,???????????????????????

????,??:??“??”,??;?????????????????????????????;??????,??????????????????????????;?????????????????????

2. ??????????????

???????,???????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????,????????????;?????????????,?;??;???;????

2024??,?????????????????????????«??????????»,???????????????????????????????????????????,????????(????????????????)???????????????????????????????“???????????????????????????”?,?????,?????????????????

??????????,?????????,???????????“???????????????????”??????????“?????”????????????????,????????,??????????

???????:???? - ???????

(????????????????????)?:??????“???”????

???2006????????,?????????????“??”????????«?????»«????????????????????»«??»??????????????,???,?????????????“??????”?,??

??????,“????”??????????“????????”???????????,??????,??????????????????????????2020?2??2026????????????????12????????31???????????????,?????7230?,??????????????3380??????????????,3850????????????????????????,???37%??????????????2024??4?????????,?????????????????879????????,????“???”??25.7%?[26]

“???????????????”(CEF)??????????????????????«?????????????????»?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????2021-2027?????????????????,??59.4?????[27]

“??????”????,???:“??????????????????”“??????”?“???????????”?“????”???????????????,“??????????????????????”??????“???????????????????”???????????????,“?”????????[28]“????”??????????????????????????????????????????????2023?,??2021-2022????????2273.5?????

(????????????)???:??

???????“????”???????????????????????,??“??????????????????”???????????,??????!

??????,?????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????,???????,???[29]

???????8???20?????????,????,??,???????????“??????????????????”?????,???????????????????????????,?????????????????“???????????????”???“?????????”????????????????????????,??????????,?????,?????,??????“?????”,????[30]

???,??????????????2035?????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????(?????????????)??????,?????????????????????,?????????[31]

2024???8????????????9???????,???????????(WT/DS626?),[32]???????????????????????????????«????????????»????6?????????«??????????????????????????????»?????????1?????2??????????????????????????10??????????????17???????????????????????19??????????????????????????????????????????22???32????,?,??

(?????????????????)??:???????“???”??????

???,??????????????,?????????????«?»«???????????????»«?????????????????»??,?“?????????”?,???????????????,?“??????”?????????????????????????,??????

?,???????????,??????????,???,????????,?“?????”??

?????1957?????«?????????????»??????????????????????“?????????????????????”??????????????????,???«???»?????????,?????????????,????????????????????“?”??????????????????????????

?????????????????????,2018??????????????????????2024??????????????????8????,???“??????”??????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????(????????????????????????320???????????),????????68????????????????(??????????21%),???????????????????????????????61?????(?????????????17%)?[33]???,?,??“???”??

????????????????????|??????????? ??? ???

??????????

[1]??????:

[2]????«????????????»??298??51??????????????????????????????52??????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???:?????????????,2024???????4????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??????:

[30]?????:

[31]

[32]??????????(WT/DS626????????????):

[33] ??:????????????