????:2024-08-23 15:57:49 ??:????
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2024???????????8??20????????????????,?????(AS689)???????????????????????????????,[1]????????????????????????????????17%-36.3%?????????????????????(??????9%)???2023??9??13??????????????????????????????????,???????????,?????????????2023??????10?4???????????,????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????
????????????,?????????,???????????,???????????????????(??????????????????????????????????????????)?????????????????,?????????????????????????«?????»?,???????????????????????????????????????????2019?«????????????????????????»?,??????????,?????????????????????????????2020?,??????????????«??????????????????????????»,????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,????????,???
??????????????????????????,??
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(????????????????)?,??
1. ?????????
????,???????????????1951?,?(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????«?????????????????»,????????????????????(ECSC),?,?,????????????????????????????
1957??,?????«????»??????????????«?????»????????????????????????????(Euratom),?(????),?????????????,????????,??????????????????(EEC),???,??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????92????????94??????(state aid),??[2]
2. ???
1965??,?????????????????????«??????????????»,?,??????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????«???????????»??????????
1974????????,?????????????????????«?1985??????????»,?1985????????50%,???????????,????????????????????[3]
????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????,????,?,??????????????????????????????
(?)???????????????
1980???,????????«??????????????1990??????????????????????»,??????????????????,??[4]???????????1974?????????????
1986??????,????????????????«???????»,[5]?????,????????????????????????,???????????????
??????????,????????,??,??????
?????
1992?????????????????????????????,???????????????????«??»(??«?????»),??????????(EU),????????????????????????????????????????????(EEC)??????????????(EC),?«????????»?????«??????????????????????»???????????????
??«??????????????????????»????????????????,?????????????????????????,«?»????130??????????????????????,????????????
???,????????????????????,????????????????????
(????????????)???????????????
1995???,??????????????????«??????????????»?????,???????????????,????????[6]
1997????????,????????????«????????????????????:????????????????»???,[7]?,???,?????????????????????????????????
2000????????????,???????«???????????»???????,???????????????????,????[8]
??,????????,????
(??)???????????
???,?????2006???????????????????????????????«?????????»????????????????,???????,??????,????????????????????,????????????????[9]
2007??,?????????????«?»,???????????????????«?????????????????»????«??»,?????????????????«???????»?«?»???????????,«??????»????????88????4??????????????????????????,???,????????«?????????»??????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????[10]
2010????????,????????«????????2020???????»,??????????????????????????,???[11]
2011???????????????,??«2050????????????????»,???????????????????????????2020????,???????????,???(?????????????????????????)??????????????????????????,??[12]
?????????,???????????????,???????????
????????????????????????
?«????????????????????????»?107??????????,???????????????,???????????????????(???),??
????????????????????????????????:??????,??????????????????,????,???;????????????????????????,???????
?????2023??????7??????????????WTO?,[13]???????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??????????2021-2022???2273.5????????
?????????,???????????,?????????,????
(??????????????)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
1. ??????????????????
2014???,???«2030????????????????????????»,??2030???????????????,???,?,????????2030?????????????27%,???????????????[14]
2015??,??«????????????????????????»,????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????,????????????????,??????[15]
2018?,??«??????????»,??????????2030???32%,???[16]
???,???????????????????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????»,????????????2050???????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????,????????????????????????[17]
2. ????«??????»????????????????????????«?????»???????????????????????????????????????????
2019??????,???«??????»,???????????????????????????,????????,??????????2030????????????????1990?????55%??????????????2050????????????????????????
??,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,«?????????»??????????:???;??????????????????;????????????,?????,??????????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????[18]
2020????????????3???,???????«?????????????????»,????????????:???;???????????????????????????????????????;????2021?5??????????????????????????????????[19]????????????????????????,????????,??????????????????????????,???????????,??????????????????,????????????????????????????????????(IPCEI)?,??
2022????,????,??????,??????REPowerEU?,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????2030???45%,???[20]
3. ???????????????????????
2023??????????????,???????????????«?????»,?????????????????«??»,?????????????,???????????????????????????????????[21]
2024?????????????,?????????????«??????»???????«???»?????????????????????«???????????????»??????????????????????
«?????????????»?????????[22]??????????????????????????;?????2030???????????,??????????????40%;????????????????????(NZSPs),????????,??;???????«????»?????,?????????????????
«?»??,??????????2030???????,????????,????????????-?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????
(??????)???????
1. ??
2018??????,?????????????«?????????:???????????»,??????????????????,?????????????????????,???,??????????????????????????(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????)?
????????????????(CEF),????????,???????????????????????????,???????????,?,??????????
2. ?????????????????????
2017???????????,?????????,???,??????????,???????????????,???????[23]
2018????????,?«????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????[24]?????,????????????????????????????????:????;?????,?????????;??,????????????????????;?????;??????(??????);??????
??????,??,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,?????????
(????????)?????
1. ?????????
2022??????????,???????????????????????????????????«?????»,??????????????????????????????2025??????????????320?(GW)????2030??????600??[25]?????????????????,???????????????????????
????,??:????,??;?????????????????????????????;??????,??????????????????????????;?????????????????????
2. ??????????????
???????,???????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????,????????????;?????????????,?;??;???;????
2024??,?????????????????????????«??????????»,???????????????????????????????????????????,????????(????????????????)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,?????????????????
??????????,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,??????????
???????:???? - ???????
(????????????????????)?:?????????????
???2006????????,???????????????????????«?????»«????????????????????»«??»??????????????,???,????????????????????,??
??????,?????????????????????????????????,??????,??????????????????????????2020?2??2026????????????????12????????31???????????????,?????7230?,??????????????3380??????????????,3850????????????????????????,???37%??????????????2024??4?????????,?????????????????879????????,?????????25.7%?[26]
???????????????(CEF)??????????????????????«?????????????????»?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????2021-2027?????????????????,??59.4?????[27]
??????????,???:????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????[28]??????????????????????????????????????????????????2023?,??2021-2022????????2273.5?????
(????????????)???:??
??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????!
??????,?????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????,???????,???[29]
???????8???20?????????,????,??,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,?????,?????,???????????,????[30]
???,??????????????2035?????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????(?????????????)??????,?????????????????????,?????????[31]
2024???8????????????9???????,???????????(WT/DS626?),[32]???????????????????????????????«????????????»????6?????????«??????????????????????????????»?????????1?????2??????????????????????????10??????????????17???????????????????????19??????????????????????????????????????????22???32????,?,??
(?????????????????)??:????????????????
???,??????????????,?????????????«?»«???????????????»«?????????????????»??,???????????,???????????????,????????????????????????????????,??????
?,???????????,??????????,???,????????,????????
?????1957?????«?????????????»?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???«???»?????????,?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????,2018??????????????????????2024??????????????????8????,???????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????(????????????????????????320???????????),????????68????????????????(??????????21%),???????????????????????????????61?????(?????????????17%)?[33]???,?,???????
????????????????????|??????????? ??? ???
??????????
[1]??????:
[2]????«????????????»??298??51??????????????????????????????52??????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???:?????????????,2024???????4????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??????:
[30]?????:
[31]
[32]??????????(WT/DS626????????????):
[33] ??:????????????
????