????:1???????????????:????????

2?????????????

3?????????

4????????

5?????

????75?????75?????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????,?,??,???????????,??

?,????????????,???,2023?223????????GDP???????????89???????????????????????????43.6????……???75????,“???????”????????????75????????????????,??????????“??”??????????????????,???????????????????????,??????

?? ????????

???????????????????7.9%

???????????

?,????????????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????1952???????????????????????679??????,???????1978????3679?????????;?,??????????,1986??????????1???????????,2000??????????10???,2006??????????????20????????,???????????12?10????,2020?????????????100???????????,2023?126??,???????????????????,2023????????????1952??????????????????????????????223?????,???7.9%;?????????????,19792023??????8.9%,??????3.0%???????????

?????????GDP?????????????8.9??????????

??

1952?????????????????,???GDP????????????????????119??????????????,??????????????,???GDP?????????????2019???,???????????GDP??????????70078??,???10158???????,??1???;2023????????89358???????????,????1952?????????????89???????,???????????6.5%,?12681???,??3?1.2???????,2023????????(GNI)?????????1.34???????,??

???????????????????????????

??

????,??,???1952??????????????,????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%?????????,????????????????????????,?????

??????,????????????,?,???,??2023???????????????????????,??????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%???????????????,???9?1.3?,????????????,???????,?????????????????????????????????????????,?????,?????“??+”??

“??”?????????22.4?????????????????

????????

??????????,??????????,????????,???,???????????????????

20132023?????????,????????????????????????8.7%?10.3%,?????????,?????????????????????????????5G????????????,“?????????????????”??????????,?????????????????????????

??2023????????????????,??????421??????????;????,???????????

??????????????,???????????????,“???”??2023??????????,??????????“??”?22.4?????,??????????GDP???????17.73%?

???

?

1949???2.2?,???????8.1?????,?????????????????????????75?,???????,????,??????,???????????

2023????????,??15.9??,??????1949???????????6??,??4.5?,??2/3????????????????????;???544??????????,?66???,???18.4??,??;?????????12.8??????????????,??74.1%;??876??????????????????????????,2023?1.7?,???????????2016???10????,???????????,???????????????????

??????????3.92????????

??????????

1949??????????49.7???????1978?????????????,????171?,???151???????,??????????????????,??,??????????,???????,????????????2023??,????????????39218????,?1949?76???????????,?????????6.0%;??26796?????????,???1956???????36???????,????????5.5%?

?????????,???????,???2023???,????29.8%,???1978????????34.1??????????????????????????;???????????45.2%,??2013??????????????????????5.5?????????????????,????,???2023???????,???49.7??????,?????????145.9????,??2013?????????2.9???????2.1??

?

?????????

????????,?????????????????????????,??????????????

?,?????????,??????????????????,??,????????????,??,??????

2023?????,????10.66????????,?1989??10.09????;????????????2.44??????3.02??????????,????1994????????1.64?????2.84??????????,????,???????,?????????????

9899??

??

?,????????????????????20??5070???,???????,???????,?“?????????”??????????,?????????????????????????????,??

????,?????????????,??????8????????????????,???????????2020??????????9899??????????,832??,12.8??,?,????????????,?????10????????«????2030??????»???????????,?,??????

?????????????60%

??

?,????????????,??????????,??

2023????????,?????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????????????????????????????1.6???????????4542??,???1949??6.4????103??,???????????????(OECD)????

???????????????????,???,??2023?????????,????????60%,????????;?????1982??????????8????????????11.05?????,??????????????

??

?????????

1950?,??11.3?,???????????1978???????????206???????,???,2001?,??????,??????

?,???????,??????,???????????????????????????????????1978???????1%?????2023????????????12.4%,?7??????????“??”???????,????????150???????????30?230???????????“????”??,????????25??????????????????????????????200????????????????,??????????????“??”?

??????????????

?????????????

??,??,???????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??1999??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????2012??,??,?4.9,?1952????8.1?

??,???????????????,???????????20132023??,?????????????????????????????????????????6.9%?7.1%,?????????????????2023????????????????,??????????????46.7%?24.4%,????????2012??????????2.9??????????0.9?????????????

????????????????46.3?????

??????????

?,?????????????,????????????????????????1956???“??”?,?????????,?????,?????????,????

????,?,??????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????“????”,??????,?11??????,?????????,???????????????????????2023??,???,??46.3??

??????????????66%

??????

?,?????1949??????????????????10.64%,1978?17.92%?????????,????????????????????????????????????,???????????2023??????????,??9.3???,?????????1978?????7.6?;??????????????66.16%,??????????48.24????????????????

???????????,???,???,???????????????????????????????2023????,?????????48.3%,?2015????????????8.4????????????,???????????????,??????????,???????????2012???????????????2.88:1????????????2023?????2.39:1?2023??,???12.4:1,?2013??????????1.4?2023???460?????,??99%??????????,???????14.4??????

?3246??????????????????????????6833?

????

1949?????,??????,?????????????,???????????????????,???????????????2023???????????????????,???????3246?????????6833??????,?????????????1949??????????????????59??????????325?????;?????????119?????(??????)?

????????????,???????,????????,???,?????2022?????,?????4.46%,??2013?0.77??;?2012????888?????????????????????????????2023????1622????????

??????78.6??

?????????????????

????,???,???????????75?????????,????,?,??2023???,?????107?????????,????????????1017??????????????,??????1249???

????????,?????,?????????????,??????????2023???????????????,?????????????????????13.34????????????,??????????????2018??????????95%???2023?????????,????78.6????,??????????1949?????????43.6???????????????????,???

????????24.02%

??????????

20??????????????????????????????50??,????????,????????????????????,?????????,??“??????”????????????????2022???????????????????,????9014???,?20???80????????????25?????30????????????????;?????????18%,??????????????

?,“??????????”????????????????24.02%?2023????????,????????(PM2.5)??2016???????????28.6%,????????????????????????21.6??????????????,???????????????????,??“????????????”???“????????”,?????(??????????) ??:?????????