????:1???????????:??????????

2?????????

3?????95?

4????????????

5?????????????

?????????????75???75??????,???????????????,????????????????????????????,??????,?,???????????????,???????????

????????,??????????,????????????????????,2023????223?????????????GDP?????????89?????????????43.6?????……?????????75???,“????????”??75????,???????“??????????????”??????????,???????????,???????????????

???????? ??

?????????????????????7.9%

???

??????????????????,??????????,?????????????,????????,?????1952????679????,?1978???????????????3679?;???,?,1986??????????1?????,2000????????????10??,2006????????????20????????????????????????,?????????????12????????10??,2020??????????100????,2023?????????????126???????????????????,??????????????????????,2023??????1952???????223?????,??????????7.9%;?,19792023??????????8.9%,???????3.0%????????

??????GDP???8.9???????

??????

1952??????????,????????GDP?119?????????????,??,??GDP???2019?,???????????????????GDP????????????????????70078??????????????????,??????????10158?,?????????1??;2023?????89358?????????,???????????????????????1952???89??,????6.5%,????????????12681????,????????????3?????????1.2????????,2023?(GNI)??1.34???,???

???????

????????????

????????,????,?????????????1952???????????,???????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%?????,???????????????,??????????????

??,?????????,????????????????,?????????????,??????2023????,?????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%?????????????,?9??1.3???,??????,????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????,?????????????????“????????+”????????????????????????

“???????????”?22.4????????????????

???????????????????

???????????,???????????,???????????????????,?,????????????????

20132023??????????,????????????????8.7%?10.3%,????,??????????????????5G????,“???”?,??????

???2023?????????,???????421???????????;??,???????????????????

???????????????,???????????????????,“???????????”??2023???,??????????????“?????????”???22.4???,?????GDP?????????????17.73%?

??????????

?????????

1949?????????2.2?,???????????8.1??,????75????????,?,?????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????

2023???????????,?15.9?,??????????????1949???????6????????????????,????????4.5????,????????2/3?;??????????????????????????????544?????,????????????66??????????,??????????18.4?????,??????????;???12.8????????,??????74.1%;?????????876???????,2023???????????1.7????????????,??????????2016??10??????????,????????,?????????????????????????????

???3.92?

??????????

1949???49.7???????????1978??,???????????????171??????????,??151??,?????,????????????,??????????????????????????,????,????2023????????,?????????????????????39218?????????????,???1949?????76?,??????????6.0%;??????????????26796???????????,???????????1956??????????????????????????36????????????,????????????5.5%?

????????,????????????,???????????2023??,?29.8%,???????????1978??????34.1??????????????;?????45.2%,?2013???5.5???????????????,??,????????2023???????,??????49.7??????,????????145.9???,???2013???2.9??????????2.1?????????

?????????

????

????,??????????,??????????????????????????????

?,??????????????????????????,??????????????,???????,???????????????,????,???

2023?,??????????????????10.66??,?1989?????????10.09?;???????????????????????2.44??3.02???????,??????1994????1.64????????????2.84????????,?,???????,??

9899???

?

?????,????????????????????????20?5070??????,?????????,???,???????“???????????”????????,????????????????,???

??????????????,??,?????????????????8????,????2020?????9899????????,832??,12.8??,????,?????????????????,??????????????10????????????«???2030??????????????????????????????»?,????????????,???????????

?60%

????????????

???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,????

2023????,??????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;??????????????????????1.6???????????????4542???????,?1949????????6.4????????103?????????????,??????(OECD)?????????????

?????????,?????????,??????2023??,????????????60%,??;????????????1982?????????8?11.05???,????????????????????????

?

???

1950?,???11.3??????????????,?1978??206?????????????,???????????????????,2001??,??,??????

??,??,??,???????1978????????1%????????2023??12.4%,????????7???????????“????????????”?????,???????150???30?????230????“?????????”??????????,???25????????????200?,?“??????????”?

??????????

??

?????,??????????,????????????,??????????????????,???????????1999????,????????????????????????????????????????2012????,???,?4.9,?1952???8.1?

???,??????????????????????????????????????????,????????20132023???,?????????6.9%?7.1%,?????????????????2023?,????????????46.7%?24.4%,?????2012?2.9???????????????????0.9????????

??????46.3????

?????

????????,???????????,?????1956????????????“??”??????????,??????????????????????????,??????,???,???????????????

??????????????,???????????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????,????“??????”,????????,???????????????????????11??????????,?????????????,?????2023?????,?????,??????????????46.3??

???66%

?????????

?????????,??1949?????????????10.64%,1978?????17.92%???????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???2023?????????????,????????9.3????????,??1978???????7.6?;?66.16%,??????????48.24???

????,????????????????,??????,?????2023???,?????????????????48.3%,???2015??8.4??????????,???,????????????,???????????????2012????2.88:1??2023??2.39:1?2023????????????????????,?????12.4:1,??2013?????????1.4?2023???460?????????,?????????99%??????????,?????????14.4????????????????????????

??3246??????6833?

?????

1949?????????,??????????????,??????????,?,???2023?????????,?????????3246?????6833????,??1949???59?????????325???????????;??119?(?)?

????????????,??????,?????????????,??????????????,?????????2022?????,???4.46%,?2013??0.77???;?????????????2012???888???????2023???????????????1622???????????????

??78.6????????????

?

???????????????????,??????????,?????75?,???????????????????,????????????????,???????????????????2023?????,?????????107????,??1017??,??1249?????????

???,??????????????????????????????,??????,?????????2023???,?13.34?????,?????2018??????????95%???????????2023???????,??????????78.6???????,???????????1949????43.6??,????????????

?24.02%

???????????????????????????

20?????50????,????????????,?????????,???????,???“??????????”?????2022????????????,??????????????????????9014??,??????????20????80????????????????25???????30?;?????????18%,???

??????????????,“????”????????????24.02%?2023?,???????(PM2.5)???????????????2016???28.6%,???????????????21.6?????????????,?????????,???“??????????”?????“?????????”,??(??) ???:????