????:2024-08-25 18:26:43 ??:????
????:?????????:?????????
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2024???????8??20?????,??????(AS689)?,[1]????17%-36.3%??????????????????(???????????????9%)??????????????????2023?9???????????????13????????????????????????,?????,????????????2023??????????10???????????????4???????????????????,????????????????????,???????????????,??????????
??????????????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????,????????????????(???????????????????)???????????????,?????????????«?????»?????????????,????????????????2019????????«??»????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????2020????????,??????????????«???»,????????????????,????????????????????????,?????,????,????
?????????????????????????????,??????????
?????????????????????
(??????)????????????????????,???????????
1. ??????????????
??????????????,????????????????????????1951????????????????????,??????????????????????(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????«????????????????»,?????(ECSC),????????,?????,?????????????????
1957????????????,?«??????????»???????????????«???????»?????????????????(Euratom),???????????????(???????????????????????),?????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????????????????????????(EEC),???,????????????,??????????????????????????????92???????????94????????????????(state aid),??????[2]
2. ??
1965???,?????????????????????????????«???????????????»,??????????????????????????,???????????,?????,??????«???????????????????????»????????????????????
1974???,?????????????????????«?????????????????1985????????????»,????????????????1985????????????????????50%,??????????,???????[3]
???,????,????????????????????????????????,???????????,????????,???????
(????)??????????????
1980?,?????????????????????«??????????????1990???»,?????,?????????????????[4]???????????1974????
1986???????????????????????????????,??????«??»,[5]?????????,????????????????????????,?????????????
??????,???????,?,?????????
???
1992????????,????«????????????»(????«???????????????????»),????????(EU),???????????????????????????(EEC)?????????(EC),???????«?????????????????????»?«?»????????????????????
?????????????«???????»???????????????????,??????????????,«?????????»????????????130??????,???????????????????????
??,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????
(??????????)??
1995??????????????????????,??«??????»??????????????,???????????????????,??????????[6]
1997???,??????????«??????????????:?????????????????»?????,[7]??????????????????,????????,?????????????????
2000??????????,???«?????????????????»???????????????????,?????????,???????[8]
??,?????????,???????????????
(???????)??
?????????????,???2006????????????«??????????????????????????????»??????,??????????????????????????????,??,??????????????????????????,???????[9]
2007?????,?????????????????????«???????????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????«???»?«????»,??????????????«??????????»?«??????????????????»????????????????,«?????»?????????????88???????4????????????????????,?????,??????????????????????????«?????????????????????»??????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????[10]
2010???,????????????????«???2020??????»,???????,????[11]
2011??????????????,???«2050??????»,?????????????2020??,???,???(?????????????????????????)????????????????????????????????,??????[12]
??????,?,??
?????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????«?»???????????????????107?????????,????????????????????????,???????????(??),????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????:?????,?,?,???;?????????????,??
???2023????7??????????WTO???????????,[13]????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????,????2021-2022????????2273.5??????????????
?????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???????,????
(????????????????????)??????????????
1. ????????????????????????
2014?????,???????????????????«2030??»,?2030?????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,?????????,????????????????????2030?????27%,????????????[14]
2015???????????,???«?????»,????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,???,???????????????????????[15]
2018?,???«?????????????»,?????????2030???32%,?????????????????????????[16]
?????????????????????????????,??????«?????????»,???2050?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,????????????,??[17]
2. ?????«?????????????????????»???«???????????????»??????????????????????????
2019??????,?????«?????»,?????????????,??????????????,???2030???????????????????1990?55%???????????2050???????????????????????
?????????????????,???????????????,??????????????????????,????????????????,«????????»????????????????:????????????????;??????????????????;??????????????????,???????????????????,?????,????????????????????????,???[18]
2020???????????????3???????????,?«?»,???????:????????;????????????;????????????????2021????????????????5????????????????????????[19]?????,?,?????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???,??????????????????????????????(IPCEI)??????,?????????????????????????
2022????????,?????????????,??????????????????,????????????????????????REPowerEU?,?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,??????????2030????????????????45%,??????????[20]
3. ?
2023???,???«??????????????????»,?«??????»,?,??????????????????[21]
2024???????????,???«????????????????»?????«???????????????????????????????????»??????????????«????????»????????????
«?»???[22]???????????????????????????;?????2030?,??????????????????????????40%;???????????????????????????????(NZSPs),??,???????????????????????;??«??????????????????»?????????????????,???????????????????????????????
«??????????????????????????????»????????,????????????????????????????2030???????????????????????,??,??????????????-?????????,??????????????????????????????????
(??)??????????
1. ?
2018???,????????«?:?????????????????????????????»,???,?????????????????,????????????,??????????????????????????????(electro-mobility,??????????????)?
???????????(CEF),???,?????????????????????????????????????,???,????????????,???????????????????
2. ?????
2017??????,???????????,??????????????,??,????????????????,???????[23]
2018???,?????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????????,??????????[24]??,????????????????????????:?;?,???????????;????????,?;?????;???(???????????);???????
??????????????????????,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??,?????????????????????
(????????????????????????????????)??????????????
1. ??
2022??????????????,???«?????????????????????????????????????»,????????2025???????????????????????????????320??(GW)??????????2030???????600??????????????[25]?????????????,???????????
???????,??????:?????????????????,??????;??;?????????????,?;??????
2. ????????????????
??,?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????????????,??????;??????,???????;???;?????;???????
2024????????????????,???????????«?????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????(???????)??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,????
????????????????????????,??????,????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????
??????????????:?? - ?????????????????????????????????
(???)??????????????????????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????2006??????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????«??»«???»«??»??????,???????,??????????????????????,??
???????,??????????????????????????????,?,?2020???2????????2026?????????12??????????31???,????????????????7230????,????????????????????3380????????,3850????,??????????37%?????????????????2024???4?,?????????????????????879??????,???????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
??????????(CEF)??«????»???????,???????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????2021-2027??,???????????59.4???????????[27]
?????????,?????:???????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????[28]??????????????????????????????2023?,???????2021-2022???????????????2273.5??????
(?????????)?????:???????????????????
????????????????????????????,????,????????????????????????!
???????,??,????????,?????????????????????????,????,??[29]
??????8??????20???,??,???????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?,????????????,???????????????????????????????,?????????[30]
?,??????2035????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????(?)???????????????????????????????,?,?????[31]
2024????????????????????????8???????????9??????,????????????(WT/DS626???),[32]?????????????????????????????????????«???»??6??????«???????»?1????2??????????????????????????????????????10??17???????????19??????????????????????????22??????32??????????????,??,?????????????????????
(???)?????????????????????:????????????
?,?????????,????????????????«??????????»«????»«????????????»?????????,?????????????,???,???????????????????????????????,??????
??????????,???,????????????,?????????,???????????,??????????????????????????
??????1957???????????????????????????«??»??????????????,??????????«??????????????»???????????????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????,2018?2024????8???,???????,?????????????????????????????362??????????????(???????????320??????????),?????68??????????(???????????????21%),????61????????????????(????????????????????17%)?[33]????,????????????,?????????????????????
????????????????|??????????? ??????????????? ???????????
?????
[1]???????:
[2]??«????????????????????»???298???????????51??????????????52???????????????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]?:???????,2024?4??
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??????????????:
[30]?????????????????:
[31]
[32]?????(WT/DS626?):
[33] ????????????????:??????
????