???“??????”????????????

????:?????????:?????????

? ?????

2024???????8??20?????,??????(AS689)?,[1]????17%-36.3%??????????????????(???????????????9%)??????????????????2023?9???????????????13??????????“????”??????????,?????,????????????2023??????????10???????????????4???????????????????,????????????????????,?????“?????”?????,??????????

??????????????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????“???”(???????????????????)???????????????,?????????????«?????»?????????????,?“???”????????????2019????????«??»????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????“????????????????????”????????????2020????????,??????????????«???»,????????????????,???????????????????“?”????,?????,????,????

??????????????“?????????????”??,??????????

?????????????????????

(??????)????????????????????,???????????

1. ??????????????

??????????????,????????????????????????1951????????????????????,??????????????????????(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????«????????????????»,??“???”(ECSC),????????,?????,?????????????????

1957????????????,?«??????????»???????????????«???????»??????????“???????”(Euratom),???????????????(???????????????????????),?????????????????,???????????????????????,????????????“??????????????????”(EEC),???,????????????,??????????????????????????????92???????????94????????????????(state aid),??????[2]

2. ??

1965???,?????????????????????????????«???????????????»,??????????????????????????,???????????,?????,??????«???????????????????????»????????????????????

1974???,?????????????????????«?????????????????1985????????????»,????????????????1985????????????????????50%,??????????,???????[3]

???,????,????????????????????????????????,???????????,????????,???????

(????)??????????????

1980?,?????????????????????«??????????????1990???»,?????,?????????????????[4]???????????1974????

1986???????????????????????????????,??????«??»,[5]?????????,????????????????????????,?????????????

??????,???????,?,?????????

???

1992????????,????«????????????»(????«???????????????????»),??????“??”(EU),?????????????????“??????????”(EEC)?????“????”(EC),???????«?????????????????????»?«?»????????????????????

?????????????«???????»???????????????????,??????????????,«?????????»????????????130??????,???????????????????????

??,?????,????????????????“??????????????????”???????????????

(??????????)??

1995??????????????????????,??«??????»??????????????,???????????????????,??????????[6]

1997???,??????????«??????????????:?????????????????»?????,[7]??????????????????,????????,?????????????????

2000??????????,???«?????????????????»???????????????????,?????????,???????[8]

??,?????????,???????????????

(???????)??

?????????????,???2006????????????«??????????????????????????????»??????,??????????????????????????????,??,??????????????????????????,???????[9]

2007?????,?????????????????????«???????????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????«???»?«????»,??????????????«??????????»?«??????????????????»????????????????,«?????»?????????????88???????4????????????????????,?????,??????????????????????????«?????????????????????»??“???????”?????,??????????????????????????????????????????[10]

2010???,????????????????«???2020??????»,???????,????[11]

2011??????????????,???«2050??????»,?????????????2020??,???,???(?????????????????????????)????????????????????????????????,??????[12]

??????,?,??

????????“???????????????????????”??????????

??????????????«?»???????????????????107?????????,????????????????????????,???????????(??),????????????????????

???????????????????????????“?????????”????????:?????,?,?,???;?????????????,??

???2023????7??????????WTO???????????,[13]????????????????????????????,???????“??”?“???????”??,???????????,????2021-2022????????2273.5??????????????

?????????????????,?????“??????????”????????????????,???????,????

(????????????????????)???????“???”????

1. ??????“???”???????????????

2014?????,???????????????????«2030??»,?2030?????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,?????????,????????????????????2030?????27%,????????????[14]

2015???????????,???«?????»,??????“??”,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????“?”?????,???,???????????????????????[15]

2018?,???«?????????????»,?????????2030???32%,?????????????????????????[16]

?????????????????????????????,??????«?????????»,???2050????“??”???????,??????????????????????“???????????”????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,????????????,??[17]

2. ?????«?????????????????????»???«???????????????»???“????????????”???????????

2019??????,?????«?????»,?????????????,??????????????,???2030???????????????????1990?55%???????????2050?????????????????“??”????

?????????????????,?????“????”??????,??????????????????????,????“?????????”???,«????????»????????????????:????????????????;??????????????????;??????????????????,???????????????????,?????,????????????????????????,???[18]

2020???????????????3???????????,?«?»,???????:????????;?????“???????”;????????????????2021????????????????5????????????????????????[19]?????,?,?????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???,????????????“??????????????????”(IPCEI)??????,?????????????????????????

2022????????,?????????????,??????????????????,????????????????????????“REPowerEU”?,?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,??????????2030????????????????45%,??????????[20]

3. ?

2023???,???«??????????????????»,?«??????»,?,????????“??????”????[21]

2024???????????,???«????????????????»?????«???????????????????????????????????»??????????????«????????»????????????

«?»???[22]???“?????????????”???????????;?????2030?,??????????????????????????40%;?“??????????????????????????????”(NZSPs),??,???????????????????????;??«??????????????????»?????????????????,???????????????????????????????

«??????????????????????????????»????????,????????????????????????????2030???????????????????????,??,??????????????-?????????,?????????????????“??”???????????????

(??)??????????

1. ?

2018???,????????«?:?????????????????????????????»,???,?????????????????,????????????,????????????????????????“??????”(electro-mobility,??????????????)?

?“??????????”(CEF),???,?????????????????????????????????????,???,????????????,???????????????????

2. ?????

2017??????,????????“???”,??????????????,??,????????????????,???????[23]

2018???,?????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????????,??????????[24]??,????????????????????????:?;?,???????????;????????,?;?????;???(???????????);???????

??????????????????????,??,???????????????????????“????”?????????????????????“?????????”????????????,??,?????????????????????

(????????????????????????????????)??????????????

1. ??

2022??????????????,???«?????????????????????????????????????»,????????2025???????????????????????????????320??(GW)??????????2030???????600??????????????[25]?????????????,???????????

???????,??????:??????????????“???”,??????;??;?????????????,?;??????

2. ????????????????

??,?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????????????,??????;??????,???????;???;?????;???????

2024????????????????,???????????«?????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????(???????)??????????????????????????????????“??”??????????????????????????,??????????,????

????????????????????????,??????,???????????“??????????”???????????“?”???????,????????????????????,????????????????

??????????????:?? - ?????????????????????????????????

(???)??????????????????????:?????????????“???????????????????”?????????????????????

????????????????????????????????2006??????????????????,?????????????“???????????????”??????????????«??»«???»«??»??????,???????,???????“????????????”???,??

???????,“?????”?“??????????????????”??????,?,?2020???2????????2026?????????12??????????31???,????????????????7230????,????????????????????3380????????,3850????,??????????37%?????????????????2024???4?,?????????????????????879??????,???????????“???”?????????????????25.7%?[26]

“??????????”(CEF)??«????»???????,???????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????2021-2027??,???????????59.4???????????[27]

“????”?????,?????:“???????????????”“?”????????“???”?“?????”??????????,“??????????”?????“????????????????”?????????????????,“????????”?????[28]“??????”????????????????????????2023?,???????2021-2022???????????????2273.5??????

(?????????)?????:???????????????????

???“????????”?????????????????,?“??”?,????????????????????????!

???????,??,????????,?????????????????????????,????,??[29]

??????8??????20???,??,???????????,????????“????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”???,????,??“???”?“?????????????????????”?????????????????????????,??????,?,????????????,?????????????????????????????“??”,?????????[30]

?,??????2035????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????(?)???????????????????????????????,?,?????[31]

2024????????????????????????8???????????9??????,????????????(WT/DS626???),[32]?????????????????????????????????????«???»??6??????«???????»?1????2??????????????????????????????????????10??17???????????19??????????????????????????22??????32??????????????,??,?????????????????????

(???)?????????????????????:??????“?”?????

?,?????????,????????????????«??????????»«????»«????????????»?????????,???????“??”????,???,??????“??????”???????????????????,??????

??????????,???,????????????,?????????,???????????,??????????????????“?????”???

??????1957???????????????????????????«??»??“??????”??????,??????????«??????????????»???????????????????????????????,????????????????????,??????????????????????????????“????”??

?????????????????,2018?2024????8???,??“???”??,?????????????????????????????362??????????????(???????????320??????????),?????68??????????(???????????????21%),????61????????????????(????????????????????17%)?[33]????,????????????,??????????“????????”???

????????????????|??????????? ??????????????? ???????????

?????

[1]???????:

[2]??«????????????????????»???298???????????51??????????????52???????????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?:???????,2024?4??

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??????????????:

[30]?????????????????:

[31]

[32]?????(WT/DS626?):

[33] ????????????????:??????