????:1??????????:????

2??????400?4??

3??????????

4????????

5???spa

“?????????”???????????????????????????

??????,??,???????,??????????????????????????????????????1931????????????,??????????????????????,??????“???”??,??????????;????,???????????????“?”??????????????“????????”?????????,???????????

1956?????????????,???,??????????????????????1979?,????????6???,??“????????,????”??????,?????????6?????

1987??????,????????????????????????400?????,6????504.8????????????2003?,????????????????5????????,???????????3???????2006????,???????????9949???????????????,??????

??:“???????”??????????????????,???“????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,????”?

(?? ?????????? ???????????????)

“????????”??????????????????????

????,?????????52824???????1931?????8???????????????,???????1941????????????,????,10??,?????????????????,???????,????,???????“?????????”?

??????????????????????????,??????????????,?????????????????????,?????,????????????????,???,?????????

1948???10??????????,17???,??,???

??????????,????????????????????,???????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????“???”??????????????????????,??????????????????????????1??????????,??????“?????????”?

1986????????????????????12???,???????????????????????,?????????????,????????,?????????,???,??????????????,???????????????

(???????????????????????? ???????????)

“?????????”?????????????????????

?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????“????”??????????,???????????????????????9????????????,???“??”??????,????????????“??”??????,??????????,????????????????

1974?????????????,??“??????,?,????????????”?????,“????,???,?????????”

2000??,????????????“???????,?????????????????????????????????????”,??????,2003?4????????????27????????????,??????????????????339??????????????,????????????????8???????????????,?????????9??“?,????!”???

?????????,??????????“???”,?????“???????”,???,???????“48?????????????24??????????????”?????????????,?????????1.26???????????????????,??

(???? ??? ?????? ??????)

“?????????????”???????????

?????????????1930???????????????7???????,????????????,????,????????????,????????????????,??????,?????,????,?????

?????“????????????????”????????????,????????????,??????????????2020???????????????????????????11????,?????100??????,?????,?????????,?????????2021???????????????,?????“????”,??

2023?????????????5??????????13??????????,“?”?????????????????????????,?????“?????????????,??”???,??????????????,?????????????????????

“??”??,????????????“????????????????”?????,????,????????????

“???????????,‘???????????’????,???????????????????????”9?????????13???,??????

(?? ? ? ?????)

????:????????