????|????????????????:????

????:???????2023:??????88i????

??12??????19????????????? ??????????????????:??????

????????

?????? ?????

?????????????????????????????????????????“????”?????????????

????:

???????????:????????

????????????????:1998??????????,?????,??????????3????????????,???????????????????????????????,????,??25?????

??,??,???????1983????,???????“???????”???????,?????????????????????????????????15????????????????????????????????,???

??????????????,????,??:???????????????????,????,?????“??????????????????????????????????”??????????????????10??????????????????,???????????????????????,????????????34?????100???????????,????????????????,??????????????,??????????????80????????????,?????????2008?????????,????????????«??»??,???

??????????,????“?????????”???????????,????????,??????????,???«?????????????????»????????????

??????????????????????:???????,????????????????

??????????????:???????????«?????»????,?????????????????????????17?????,?????,????????????“?????????????????”??????????????????,????????????“??????????????????????”??????????20?????????,??????“????????????????”,?????“????”,??????????????????????????????????????????

????????,?????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????;?????????????,???????????????????????,?,????????????

?,??????,????????????????????????1757???1772???«???????????????????»???«?????»,????????,??????,???????????,?????,????,??????????“????”(Chinoiserie)?????????????

????????????????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????,?????

?????:?,?????????????????,??????

?:?????????????17???????,?????????????,?????????????????,???????????????,????????,??,??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,?????,???????

????1735??????????«????????????????????????»??????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????1752??«?????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)???,??????????????,??,??????????

??????(Johannes Nieuhoff)????????17?????,?????

???????????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711??1712?????«????????????????»?,????????“??????????”?????????????????“?????????????”??????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????

??????????????,?????????,???

??:????,?????

????????????????:?????????????,?????????18???“???”,?????????????????1782??????,?????????????,????“??”,?????

1779???????,????“????????????”????????????????“?????????????”????????????????????????«?»????????????????1941????????????????????,????????????????“????”“??????????”“???????”“?????”??????????“????”?

??,?,?“????????????”??????????????????????,?????????????????????“??”?????,????,??

?????,????????????????????,?????????????????

???????????:?????,??,??????

??:???????????????????,??????????????????????????“?????????”?????????????,??????????????????????????????,????,?????????????????,??,????????????????????????

????????????????????????,??,???????,????????,????,???(???????????) ??????:?????????