????????????????|???:?????

????:??????????100?:??????

????????????12????????????19?????????? ??????:???????

???????????????

??????????? ?????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????????????????”?????????????????

???:

??????:???

?????:1998????,??????????????????????,????????3?????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????25??????

??????????,???????,????1983?????????????????????,????????????“??????????????????????”????,????????????????15??????????????,?????????????????

???????????????,??????????,??????????:?????????????,???????????????????????,???????“??”???????????????????????????10????,????????,????34????100??,????????????,??,????????80??????,?????????????2008?????????,??????«??????????????????»?,??

????????????,??“??????”??????????????????????,????,???????,??«??????????????????????»??????

??:??????????????????????????,?????????????

?????????:???«????»????????,????????17???????????????,????,???????????“??????????????????????”?????????????,???“????”??20?,??“??????”,????“?????”,???????????????????????

????,???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????;??,????????????????????????????????????,????,???????

????,????????,????????????????????????????????????1757????????????????1772???«???????????????????????????»?????«?????»,???????????,????????????,????????????????????????,????????,??????,??????????????????“????”(Chinoiserie)???????

?????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????????,????

??????????????:???????,???,?????

????????????????????????:?????17??????,?????????????????????,?????????????,???????????????,???????,????????????????,???????????????????????????,??,????,??????

????1735?????«???????????????????»?????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????1752?????????«?????????????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)??,?????,?????,????????

?????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)????????????17?,???

????????????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711???????????1712???«??»?????????,???????????“?????????????”?????????????????“????????”???,??????,?????

??????????????,?????????????????????,???

??????????????????:????????,??????????

????????:??????????????????????,?????????????18?????“????????”,??1782???????????,????????,?????????????“?????????????????”,???

1779????,????“?”???????????“????”?????????????????????????????????????????????????«????????»???????1941??????????????,????“????????????????”“????????????????????”“???”“??”?????????“???”?

??,????,????“?????”????????????????,??????????????“????”??????????????????????????????????????,???,????????????

??,??????????????????,??????????

?????????:?????????,????,???

???????????:??????,??????????????“????”??,??????????????????????????????????,????????,??,????????????????,??????????????????????

???????????????????????,????,???????????????,???,??,???????????(???????) ???????????????????????:??????????????????????