???????:?????? ??????

??

????2?10??? ????????:??:??? ?????

???? ???

??????,???????????“?????????”?????????“????????????”?????????,?????,??????(??)????????,???????????,????????????????

??????????????????? ?? ?????????

??1890??????????(?????)?????,???????????????,??????15???,??,???????,?????????????????????19??????????????,?????“????”(???)?

???“00????????”?????????????????????????,???????,?????????????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????

????????,“???????????,?????????????,??????????”???????5000??????????????,?????????……???????????

“?????????,?????????????,????,2023????????????????????,???”????????????????????,“?,????????????????”

????????????(?????????????????)?????????? ??????? ??

??,???????????????24?????????,???,?????????????????,???????????????????????,??,??????????????????????????

?????,?????????????1923?????????“????”????,??????,?????????????,???????????

?,???????????????,???????,?????“???????”???????,1941?????????????????,??????????????????????,???????????????????

?,????????????????,????????????????,?????????

1941??????????????????,?????,????????,???,?????????????????“?”,???1950??????????10?????1?,??????,??

???,??????????,???25???????????????“???????????”?,?????????????,?????

?????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????,??????,??,??????????????????????,???????

1953????????,??,????,???????????????????????????????,??????????????,???????,????????????????«???????»,?????????????????“???????????”?

1960???????,??????,??????1962??3????,??????,1963?10??????????????????????,??????????

??????????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????:“????????,????????????,???!”“?????????????????,?????”?

????????? ?????? ????????????

???????????2????????????????????,???????????,????,????,??

????,????????????????????,???????,????????,“???????????,1?????????,??????,????????”(?????)

?????:??????????

?????????

????????????:?????? ???????????

????????