?? ???|???:??????“?????????”?
![](https://image.chezhanri.com/2019/0628/20190628160034447.jpg)
????:1???????:??????
2????????
3???????????
4??????
5????????????
?????????????????????7???????????????????20???? ???????:?????????“?????”?
????????????????????????
???? ???
![](http://i2.chinanews.com.cn/simg/cmshd/2024/07/20/fc5476ce4bc743259076d3ebe343826c.jpg)
?????,?????????????,??????,???????????????“????”???????,???????????????????“???????????”?????????,?????
????????????:
??????????:???????
???????????????:????,?4000???????????????,?,?????,?,?????????????
??,????:???????,??,????????;??????,????,??????????????????,?????,??????????????,????????????????
????????,?????20????????????,????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???????????,??????
???????,???????????????????????????????????1984????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????????,???
?????????????,???????????????????,??????????????
??????,????,?20???80???????????,?????????????????????????,??????
??????:????,?????,???
???????:????,?????,????????,????????????????,??????????
????,????????????????????????,?????,????????????“?”????“?????”?“??????????????”?“??????????”??????????????????“??????????”?
????????,???????????,???????????????????“???????”?????????????,?????????;??????????,??????????????;?,????????????,?????????????“????????”,???????“?????”??????????????????“????”,????????
??????,??,????????,???????“????????????”??????????????????,“????????,?????????”,???:??????????????????????????????
??,??????????????,???????????,?,????????????????,????????????????,??
???????????:??????????,???
??????????:??????????,??????????????“?????????”???,??????“?”?,??????????,???????????
??????????????????,??????“????????”???????,?????????????????,????????????????????“?????????”,????????????????????????????,??
?????????,??,????????20?????????????????1937????,???????????1963????????????????,?????????????,???????????????????????????,???????????????????,?????????????,?????
20??????????????90???,?????“?”,???????????????????????????????,????????,??????????????????,?????????,???????,????,???
??:??????????????????????????,??????«???»??????????,????????
?????:??,??????,???,«??????????????»?????????
?????????????????????,????????????«?????»?????????????????1862??????????????????,??,????????????1881?????,«???????:????????????,?????????»????????????,????(??)???……
?????,?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????,??????????????,???,??????,?????,???????????«???????»???????????,???,????,???,?,????
?????,???,???????????????,????????,???
?:???????????????“?????????”,????????“????”,????????????????????????
????????????????:?,??????????????????,???????????????????????,??????,??????????????????,??????????????
???????????????,??“???”?????????????“??????????”,????????????“??????”,?????“???????????????????????”,??“??????”??,???????????????????????????
?“??”,??????????????
??,????,??????????,???????????????????????,???????????“?????????????????,?????”????“???????????????,??????????”????,???????????????????????????,???????,????????,????,??????????,???????(???)
??:
???????????????,???????????,?????????????????????????????????????5???????????????????,??????1????????,?????40??????????????????????????????«????????????»«????:???????????»«????»«??????????:????????»«???????????????????»«???»«????????????????????»???,???????????«???»«????»«?»??????????
????????????????:???