????:1???9598??:??????

2????????

3???????

4?100??????

5??????

?????11????????22??????????????????????(??)11???21??,“??????????????????????19491999”??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????7??“?”???

???????????7???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????7????????????????,??75?????????????

??,?,????“?”?????????????????,“??,??????????”,??“???”??????????????????????????,?????

????????????????,??????????????

“???”??????,????????????

?????????????“???????????????”???????????,????1949??“??????????????”???????????????????????????????,1952??????????????0.55?????????????????????1.8?,?????720????????????????,??70???,??????

???,?????????1988?“??”???????????,??,10????

“?????????,??????????????????????,?????????”??????,????,????

??????????

?,???

?????????????????????????????????

??????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,????

“???????????,???????,?????”????,“????????????????????,?????”

2011???,“????”??????«????????????????»,?????

9????????????????????????23??????,?????????????? ?

??,?????????????????

“????????,????????????????????”?????,???????

??????20????????80?????????????????,??,????????????,???“???”??

“??,????????”????????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????

??????,1982????????????????????;1983?????«???????»??????????;???????????????

??????????,????????????????12??20????(?????????????)

????????????:?????????????????????????