???????????????????

????:???????????:????vx

?????????

? ??

????

??????????????????????????????????????“???????”

???????????,????

??????????????,?????

(?)????????

(?????????????????????)?

(???????????????????????????????????????????)???????????

????????,??????

???????????????????,?????????

???????“?”,?????????

????????

(??????)??

(?)?

???????????

?

???(National Endowment for Democracy,??????NED)??????????“????????”,????,??????“??”?????????????????,????,????????,???????????,???????????,?,????????,????,?????

?,NED??,??,???????????????????????????????????,????,???????????????????NED,???,??????NED??,??NED??,????,????

????????????????“??????????”

NED?“?????????”?????,?????????“?”,?“???????”?

(?????)NED?“????????”?????,????????,????????????“???”?20???????60??,??,??????????????,NED??,?????????

(??????)NED????1981?????,???????????,???“??????????”,???????????????,?????????????????????????“????”?1983?NED?????????,?????????:??,??????????

(??????????????)NED???????????????????????1983????11??22??????,???«???»,???????NED????,?????????????????????1983????????NED??????,?1800????40??????,???????“????????????(USASpending)”????,2023?3.15????????????????????????,NED?????

(?????)NED??????NED?,NED?????????????????,??????????????«??»???????????????,???????????????NED??????,?????

(????)NED???,?????????«????????????»,NED??12??31???????????????????????????NED??????,?????????????????

(??????)????NED?????????????«??»,NED???????????

(??????????????????)NED???????????????????1995??????:“?,???????????????,??,NED?”??????????«???:????????»????????,??????NED??????????,??????????

????????????????????,????????????

(?????????)???????????????????2022?9???????,?“?”???????????,????,?2015???????????2022????NED?????????62.8??«??????»????,NED?“????????”??“??????”????,NED???????“??????”(Center for Human Rights in Iran, CHRI)????“??”(Human Rights Activists News Agency, HRANA)?,????,????NED?«?????????»????????,??????????????NED??????“??????”,????????????“??????”?

(????)?????????????????“????????”??????????????????,NED????,?????????????????????,??????????NED?????????“?????”?????????,?????“?”?“?????????”??“???????????????”,??“?”,????????????“?????????????”?

(????)????????2004??????“?”???,NED???????????6500??????2007???????????2015?,NED?3000??????????,?“?????????”?2013?????????2014?????????“????????????????”??,NED?,????NED???,??????X(????)???????,??,???????

(??)???????2002???????????7???????????,NED???,NED??????,?????????????,?,???????????????????????????2021????7???????,?????,NED??????,?????????????????(????)????????????,?????????

?????????????????,?????????????????????????????

(?)?

1??2021??,NED?,?????“??????????”,???“????”??????????

2?2021????5?????,NED??????????,?NED?????????,??????????????,?????????????????????

3?NED??????????????????,??????“?????????????????????”,????????????????“???”;???????????“????????????????”,???????????????????

4?NED?,?(Mexicans Against Corruption and Impunity, MCCI)???????(Mexican Institute for Competitiveness, IMCO)????,???????????????????????2021?????,?NED?????,?????????????“?????????”?

5?2017?,NED????????????54??????2018??????????,?“??”?“?”,??????????????4.8???????

6?NED???????????,????“????”,???

(??)??

1?NED??«?»(Journal of Democracy)???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????

2?2023????7??,«??????????????»?????“???????”????????????,??5?,??????,??????2024????4???????,«??????»?«???????»?,??????,???????????,????

3?NED???(???????????“????”)???????????“?????????????”,????????????????????????NED???,2021????NED????????????11???,???????180????????????“???”,?,??????????????

(?????)?????????

1?2022???4????????2023?????????????12???????,????????NED????????????????,??2023?5???????,???2????,NED?????,??

2?NED?????(Rappler)????????NED???????????????????,2017????2021?????????????,?????NED???????78.6????2022????????,??????,????????????

3?NED???????????????????“??”(Foundation for Democracy in Iran,FDI)???????,FDI?????????????????????

4?2023?????1????,NED???????,?“???”?????

???,???????

NED????????????????????,NED??,?????

(?????????????????)??“??”????????2022?????????,NED??“??”???????,????,??“??????”,???????????????????“????????????”,?????????????“?,?????”???2023??????7????????????????????,NED??????????????????“??20?????????????????”,???“??”?

(?)?????????NED???????,??,2020??????,?????31???????????????????????,???2023??,NED?“????????????????????”“??????”????????????????2023????????

(????????)NED?“??????”,??????????????500???600???2024???3?????????????????????????????????????????????,NED?????????,????“???”????,???????

NED?????????“???????????????????”?????????????,??????????,???NED????????“?????”????????????,??“???”????

(?????????)2023????????????????????3???,NED??????????????????NED?,???????“?”????????????????????????,???“??????”??2023??????????11?????NED??????“??????”???“????”?2024???????????????4???????????,NED?“?????”“????”????NED??????????

(??????)21??????,NED???????????3?,?????????????2024?????????????5????“??????”?,NED?????,??????????????????????

????????????,?????????

(????)NED?????????????????????????«??????»??????,?????2023?11????30??????????,NED?????????????“????????????????”????,?????“????????”????????????

(?????)NED???????????????????????CNN?,??????????????

(????????????????)NED???????????(International Republican Institute, IRI)?“???????????”????????,?????

(?????????????????????)NED?1741??“?”????92?????????,????“????”??????“?????????????”?????????????????????????????,??????????“???????????????????”???????,????“????????”???????????????????????????

(?)NED???????????“?”?VOA??BBC??????,?????NED????“??????????????????”???????????????,???

???????????“???????”,?

(?)NED?(Governance Center for Public Policy, GCPP),??6?“???”??????,????,?“??????????”?????????,????????????????????

(??????????)2024????3?????,NED“??????????”?(Center for International Private Enterprise, CIPE)????(Makati Business Club)?????????????????????????????«??????????????»,????????,???????????

(??????????)NED??(European Values Center for Security Policy, EVC)??(Global Security Center,GSC)????????????,????????????,????????“?”??????

(??????)???????????????????,NED??“?????????????????”????,???????????????????

(????)2022???1????2023?1??????????????,NED??????????????daktilo84.com????,?,???????

(?????????)NED???2023??????????12?,NED?????“Sbunker”????????????,“???????????????”????“???????????”,?????????????????

(?????????)NED???????????“????????”????????,????????????????“?????????V”,????,???????????????,??

(????????)NED??????,?????????“??”????????????“??????”????

?????????????

(?????????????????????)??????????

1???,NED???????,????????????????????????????????NED?????????,?????????“???????”?

2????????80????????NED?,??????????,??????,??????????

3?2006??1????????29?????,«??»????«?????»????,???

4?2021??????9???,??«????????????????»??????????????NED??????????????????,???????,NED????????????,????NED?,???????????????

(?)??????

1?2015???????????????7?29??????????????????,?????????????????,??NED?“?????????????”,???,????????????NED???????????????????????????????

2???2022????????????5????,??????????????????????«???????????»????,NED???????????,??????????????????????????“??”??????,???????????????????

3????????????2008???????«?????????????60??????»?????????,?NED????????????????????????,????NED?????????????????????,?????,????????????????????

4?????“????”2010??????«NED??»,?NED???,???

5???????????????????«??»2018??NED??????“??”(Hungary Helsinki Committee)??“??”?,????????,?????

6?2023??4??????,NED?????????,????????????????????????«??»??????????????,??NED????

7?????????(The Institute of World Economy and International Relations, IMEMO)????«????????????????????????????40?:????????????»?,????NED,??“????”????,???????,???NED???

8?2023?????????6?????????????,?????????,???????

9?2016???,??????«???????????????»“??????????????????”???,???????????NED????

????

??????????????????????????????????,?NED,??????,????????,????,????,?????????????,?????????????????????

?,?????????????,?????????????????,?????“????????”??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??

?

1.????????????????«??????????:??»,???????????????????????????2006?????

2.?????????????????«??????????»,?????????,2023?????????????????12??????

3.?«????????????NED?????????»,2021?????????5????17????????????

4.??????????«NED?????????????????????????????»,?????,2018?7???6????

5.???????? ?????:??