?? ?????????????????????
![](https://image.chezhanri.com/2019/0528/20190528174717779.jpg)
????:1?????????:????q
2???????????
3???????
4????????????
5????????
??????????????? ????
2024????????????????8????????????????????20?,????????????(AS689)?,[1]?17%-36.3%???(???9%)???2023?????9???????????13????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?2023?10?4?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,????????
???,???????????????,???????????????????,?????????????????????(????????????????????????????????????)???,????????????????????«??????»???????????????????,??????????????????????????????2019??????????????«??»?,??????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????2020???,????????????«????»,?????,??????????????????????,????,?????,???????
?????????????????????????????,??????
???
(?)???????????????????????????,???????????????????????????
1. ?????
????????,???????????????????????????????????1951??????,??????(???????????????????????????????????????????????)?????????????????????«??»,?????????????(ECSC),????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????
1957??????,??????????????«??»?????????????????????«?????????»???????????(Euratom),??????????????(????????),???????????????????????????????,??????????,??????????(EEC),?????????,????????????????????????,???????92??????????????????????94??????????????????(state aid),??????????????[2]
2. ????
1965????????,?????«??????????»,????,???????????????????????????,?????,?????«?????????»??????
1974???????????????,???«??1985???????»,????1985???????????????50%,??????,??[3]
???????,???????????????,????,??,??????,????
(?)???
1980????,??????«????????????????????????1990?????????»,?????,????[4]?1974?????????
1986???,????????????????????«?»,[5]??????,?,?????????????????
??????,?????????????????,??,????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
1992????????????,????????«??»(?????«?????????????????????»),??????????????????????????(EU),?????????????????????(EEC)?????????????????????????????(EC),???????«?????»??«????????????????»???????????????
????????????????????«??????????»?,???????????????????????????,«?»?????????130?????,????????????????
?????,?????????????????,???????????
(?)??????????
1995??????????,??????«??????????????????????»??????,????????????????????????,????????????[6]
1997????,????????«?:????????????????????????????????????????????????»???????,[7]????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????
2000??????????,??«???????»???,??,???????[8]
?????,????????????????,???????????
(???)????
??????,??????????????2006???«????????????????????????????»??????,???????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????,???????????????????[9]
2007?,?????«?????????»,?????????«??»?????????«???????????????????»,???«???????????????????????»??«????»???????????????,«?»????88???????4??,?????,???????????????????????«???????»????????????????,?????????????????????????[10]
2010???,???????????????«??????????2020??»,??????,???????[11]
2011????????,??????????????«2050???????????»,?????????????2020???????,???????????,??(???????????????)??????????????,?????????????????????[12]
???????,?????,????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????
??«???????????????????»??107?????,????????????,???????????(?),??????????????
??????????????????:?????,??????????????????????????,??,???;???????????????,???????????
?????2023??????????7???WTO?????????????,[13]???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??2021-2022????????????????????2273.5?????????????????????????????????
????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,???
(?????????????)???????????????????????????????????
1. ??????????????????????????????
2014???,??????????????????????????«2030??»,???2030?????????????????????,???????????,????,?????2030???????????????27%,??????????????????????????????????[14]
2015???????,??«???»,????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,?????,??????[15]
2018??????????,?«???»,?????????????????????2030??32%,?????????[16]
????????????,????????????????????????«????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????»,???2050?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????,?????????[17]
2. ??«?????????????»????«?»????????????????????????
2019????????,???«?»,????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????2030?????????????????1990?55%???????2050???????????????????????
???????????,?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,«?????????????»???:????????????????;?????????;???????????????????,??,???????,????????????????????????,????????[18]
2020????3??????,???????«?????????????????»,?????????:????????????????????????????????;????;???????????????????????2021??????5???????????????????????????????????????????????????[19]???????,??,????????????????????,?????????????,????????????????????????,???????????????????(IPCEI)????,???
2022?????,???,?????????????????????????,??REPowerEU?????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?2030???????45%,??????????????[20]
3. ????????
2023??,??????«?»,??????????«??????????????????????»,??????????????,????????????????????[21]
2024???????????????????????,?«??????????????????»???????????????«????????????»??????«??»?????????
«??????»??????????????????[22]????????????????;?????2030?,??????????????40%;????????????????????(NZSPs),?,???;???«??»??,???????????????
«???????»??,??????2030????????,?????????????,????????????????-?????????????????????????????????,??????????????????
(?)?????????????
1. ??????????
2018???,??????????????????????????«??????????????????????:???????????»,???????????????????????????????,??,??????,????????????????(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????)?
???????(CEF),???????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,????
2. ?????
2017????????????????????????,????????????,???,?????,??,?????????????????????[23]
2018???,???????????«??????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????????,?????[24]??????????????????,?????????:?;????,????;????,??????????????;???;???????(?);??????
??????????,???????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,????????????????
(??????????)????????????????????
1. ???????????
2022???,?????«??»,??????????2025???????????320???????????(GW)?????????????????????2030?????????600???????????[25]??????????,???????????????????????
????????????????????????,????:?????????,????????;???????????????????????????????;?,???????;????????????
2. ????????????
??????,??????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????,?;??,?;?;??;??????
2024??????????,???????????????????????????????«?????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????(???)??????????????????????????,??????,??
?????,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,????????????????
??????????????:??????? - ?????
(???????????????)??:???????????????????????????
?????????????2006????????,??????????????????????????????«??????????????»«????????»«????»?,?????,?????????????????????????????????,????????
???????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????,??????????????????????????????2020????????????????????????2???2026????????????12?????31??????????????????????????,???7230??????????????????,??????????????????3380?????????,3850?????,???????37%?????????????????????????????????????????2024???????????????????????????????????4?????????????????,??????????????????879??????,??????????????????????25.7%?[26]
?(CEF)???«?????»??,???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????2021-2027?????????????????,????59.4????????????????????[27]
????????????????????,??????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????[28]??????????????????????????????????????2023??????,?????????????????????2021-2022?????????????????????2273.5???????????????
(???????????????)??????:???????????????????
????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????????????!
??,???????,???????,???????????????,??,?????[29]
??8?????????20??????????,????????????????????????,?,????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???[30]
????????????????????,????????????2035???,?????,????????????(??????????????)????????????????????????,???????????,???[31]
2024???8???9???????????????????,??????????(WT/DS626????????),[32]?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?????»?6??????????????«?»????1??2??????????????????????10??17??????????????????????????????????19???????????????????????????????????????22??????????????????32???????????,?????????,?????
(???????)??????????:???????????????????????
?????????????,????????????????????????,??????«?»«????????????????????????»«???»????,???????????????????,??????????,???????????,?????????????????????
??,????????????????????,???????????????,???,???????????????,?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????1957????????«???»???????????????????????????,??????«??????????»????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????????
????,2018???????????2024???8?????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????362?????(???320??),???????????68????????(??21%),??????61??(????????????????????17%)?[33]??????????????,??,??????????????????????????????????????????
??|??????? ? ??????????????????????????????
????
[1]??????:
[2]??«?»????????????298?51?????????????????????52??????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???????:????????,2024???????????????????????4??
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??????:
[30]????????:
[31]
[32]????????????(WT/DS626?????):
[33] ??????:??????