??????????????? ????

2024????????????????8????????????????????20?,????????????(AS689)?,[1]?17%-36.3%???(???9%)???2023?????9???????????13?“??????????????????????”?????,?????????????????????,?2023?10?4?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???“?????????????”??,????????

???,???????????????,???????????????????,??????????“???????????”(????????????????????????????????????)???,????????????????????«??????»???????????????????,???“?????”??????????????????????2019??????????????«??»?,??????????????,?????????????????????????“????”?????????????2020???,????????????«????»,?????,?????“???”??????????????,????,?????,???????

???????????????????“?”?????????,??????

???

(?)???????????????????????????,???????????????????????????

1. ?????

????????,???????????????????????????????????1951??????,??????(???????????????????????????????????????????????)?????????????????????«??»,???????“??????”(ECSC),????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????

1957??????,??????????????«??»?????????????????????«?????????»????????“???”(Euratom),??????????????(????????),???????????????????????????????,??????????,?????????“?”(EEC),?????????,????????????????????????,???????92??????????????????????94??????????????????(state aid),??????????????[2]

2. ????

1965????????,?????«??????????»,????,???????????????????????????,?????,?????«?????????»??????

1974???????????????,???«??1985???????»,????1985???????????????50%,??????,??[3]

???????,???????????????,????,??,??????,????

(?)???

1980????,??????«????????????????????????1990?????????»,?????,????[4]?1974?????????

1986???,????????????????????«?»,[5]??????,?,?????????????????

??????,?????????????????,??,????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????

1992????????????,????????«??»(?????«?????????????????????»),??????????“????????????????”(EU),????????????????“?????”(EEC)???“??????????????????????????”(EC),???????«?????»??«????????????????»???????????????

????????????????????«??????????»?,???????????????????????????,«?»?????????130?????,????????????????

?????,?????????????????,???“??”??????

(?)??????????

1995??????????,??????«??????????????????????»??????,????????????????????????,????????????[6]

1997????,????????«?:????????????????????????????????????????????????»???????,[7]????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????

2000??????????,??«???????»???,??,???????[8]

?????,????????????????,???????????

(???)????

??????,??????????????2006???«????????????????????????????»??????,???????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????,???????????????????[9]

2007?,?????«?????????»,?????????«??»?????????«???????????????????»,???«???????????????????????»??«????»???????????????,«?»????88???????4??,?????,???????????????????????«???????»??????????“?”?????,?????????????????????????[10]

2010???,???????????????«??????????2020??»,??????,???????[11]

2011????????,??????????????«2050???????????»,?????????????2020???????,???????????,??(???????????????)??????????????,?????????????????????[12]

???????,?????,????????????????

???????????????“?”??????????????????????????????

??«???????????????????»??107?????,????????????,???????????(?),??????????????

???“?”??????????????:?????,??????????????????????????,??,???;???????????????,???????????

?????2023??????????7???WTO?????????????,[13]???????????????????????????????,??????“??????????”??????“????????????????????????”?????,???????????????????????????????????,??2021-2022????????????????????2273.5?????????????????????????????????

????????????????,????????????“??????????????”???????????????,??????????,???

(?????????????)?????????????????“??????????”????????

1. ???“??????????”?????????????????

2014???,??????????????????????????«2030??»,???2030?????????????????????,???????????,????,?????2030???????????????27%,??????????????????????????????????[14]

2015???????,??«???»,????“????”,???????????????????????????????????????????,???“????????????????”???????,?????,??????[15]

2018??????????,?«???»,?????????????????????2030??32%,?????????[16]

????????????,????????????????????????«????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????»,???2050???????“????”??????,????????????“????????????????????????”?,?????????????????????,?????????????,?????????[17]

2. ??«?????????????»????«?»???“?????”????????????????

2019????????,???«?»,????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????2030?????????????????1990?55%???????2050?????????????“???????”???

???????????,???“???”???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????“??????????????”?????????,«?????????????»???:????????????????;?????????;???????????????????,??,???????,????????????????????????,????????[18]

2020????3??????,???????«?????????????????»,?????????:????????????????????????????????;???“?”;???????????????????????2021??????5???????????????????????????????????????????????????[19]???????,??,????????????????????,?????????????,????????????????????????,????????“???????????”(IPCEI)????,???

2022?????,???,?????????????????????????,??“REPowerEU”?????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?2030???????45%,??????????????[20]

3. ????????

2023??,??????«?»,??????????«??????????????????????»,??????????????,???“???????????”??????[21]

2024???????????????????????,?«??????????????????»???????????????«????????????»??????«??»?????????

«??????»??????????????????[22]???“??????”???????;?????2030?,??????????????40%;???????????????????“?”(NZSPs),?,???;???«??»??,???????????????

«???????»??,??????2030????????,?????????????,????????????????-?????????????????????????????????,?“?”????????????????

(?)?????????????

1. ??????????

2018???,??????????????????????????«??????????????????????:???????????»,???????????????????????????????,??,??????,????????“????????”(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????)?

?“??????”(CEF),???????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,????

2. ?????

2017????????????????????????,???????????“?”,???,?????,??,?????????????????????[23]

2018???,???????????«??????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????????,?????[24]??????????????????,?????????:?;????,????;????,??????????????;???;???????(?);??????

??????????,???????,???????????????“??????????”???????????????“??????”??????????,????????????????,????????????????

(??????????)????????????????????

1. ???????????

2022???,?????«??»,??????????2025???????????320???????????(GW)?????????????????????2030?????????600???????????[25]??????????,???????????????????????

????????????????????????,????:?“????????”,????????;???????????????????????????????;?,???????;????????????

2. ????????????

??????,??????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????,?;??,?;?;??;??????

2024??????????,???????????????????????????????«?????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????(???)????????“??????????????”????,??????,??

?????,?????????,???????????????????????????“?????????????????”????????“????????????????????”?????,????????????,????????????????

??????????????:??????? - ?????

(???????????????)??:????????????????????????“?”??

?????????????2006????????,????????????“??????????”????????«??????????????»«????????»«????»?,?????,???????“?????”?????????????????????,????????

???????????????????,“??????”???????????????“???”???????????,??????,??????????????????????????????2020????????????????????????2???2026????????????12?????31??????????????????????????,???7230??????????????????,??????????????????3380?????????,3850?????,???????37%?????????????????????????????????????????2024???????????????????????????????????4?????????????????,??????????????????879??????,???????“?????????????”??25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)???«?????»??,???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????2021-2027?????????????????,????59.4????????????????????[27]

“??????????????”??????,??????:“??????”“????????????????”?????“?????????????????????”?“?????”???????????,“????????”??????????????????????“?????????”???,“????????????????????”????????[28]“??????????????????????”????????????????2023??????,?????????????????????2021-2022?????????????????????2273.5???????????????

(???????????????)??????:???????????????????

?????????????“?????????”??????,?????????????“?”???????,???????????????????!

??,???????,???????,???????????????,??,?????[29]

??8?????????20??????????,????????????????????????,?,??????“?????????????????????????????????”?,???????????????????????????,??????“?????????????????”???“??”??????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????,?????????????????????????????????“????????????????”,???[30]

????????????????????,????????????2035???,?????,????????????(??????????????)????????????????????????,???????????,???[31]

2024???8???9???????????????????,??????????(WT/DS626????????),[32]?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?????»?6??????????????«?»????1??2??????????????????????10??17??????????????????????????????????19???????????????????????????????????????22??????????????????32???????????,?????????,?????

(???????)??????????:????????????????“????”???

?????????????,????????????????????????,??????«?»«????????????????????????»«???»????,??????????????“????”?,??????????,???“?”???????,?????????????????????

??,????????????????????,???????????????,???,???????????????,???????????????“?????????”?????????

???????????????????1957????????«???»??????????“????”?????????????,??????«??????????»????????????,??????????????????????????,?????????????????“?????????”??

????,2018???????????2024???8?????????????????,?“????????????????????”??,??????????????????????????????????362?????(???320??),???????????68????????(??21%),??????61??(????????????????????17%)?[33]??????????????,??,?????????????????????????????“?????”????????

??|??????? ? ??????????????????????????????

????

[1]??????:

[2]??«?»????????????298?51?????????????????????52??????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????:????????,2024???????????????????????4??

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??????:

[30]????????:

[31]

[32]????????????(WT/DS626?????):

[33] ??????:?????? 现在约茶用哪个海选

?? ????????????“???”??????

????????????“???”??????
??
2024-08-23 16:41:57

????:1?????????:????q

2???????????

3???????

4????????????

5????????

??????????????? ????

2024????????????????8????????????????????20?,????????????(AS689)?,[1]?17%-36.3%???(???9%)???2023?????9???????????13?“??????????????????????”?????,?????????????????????,?2023?10?4?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???“?????????????”??,????????

???,???????????????,???????????????????,??????????“???????????”(????????????????????????????????????)???,????????????????????«??????»???????????????????,???“?????”??????????????????????2019??????????????«??»?,??????????????,?????????????????????????“????”?????????????2020???,????????????«????»,?????,?????“???”??????????????,????,?????,???????

???????????????????“?”?????????,??????

???

(?)???????????????????????????,???????????????????????????

1. ?????

????????,???????????????????????????????????1951??????,??????(???????????????????????????????????????????????)?????????????????????«??»,???????“??????”(ECSC),????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????

1957??????,??????????????«??»?????????????????????«?????????»????????“???”(Euratom),??????????????(????????),???????????????????????????????,??????????,?????????“?”(EEC),?????????,????????????????????????,???????92??????????????????????94??????????????????(state aid),??????????????[2]

2. ????

1965????????,?????«??????????»,????,???????????????????????????,?????,?????«?????????»??????

1974???????????????,???«??1985???????»,????1985???????????????50%,??????,??[3]

???????,???????????????,????,??,??????,????

(?)???

1980????,??????«????????????????????????1990?????????»,?????,????[4]?1974?????????

1986???,????????????????????«?»,[5]??????,?,?????????????????

??????,?????????????????,??,????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????

1992????????????,????????«??»(?????«?????????????????????»),??????????“????????????????”(EU),????????????????“?????”(EEC)???“??????????????????????????”(EC),???????«?????»??«????????????????»???????????????

????????????????????«??????????»?,???????????????????????????,«?»?????????130?????,????????????????

?????,?????????????????,???“??”??????

(?)??????????

1995??????????,??????«??????????????????????»??????,????????????????????????,????????????[6]

1997????,????????«?:????????????????????????????????????????????????»???????,[7]????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????

2000??????????,??«???????»???,??,???????[8]

?????,????????????????,???????????

(???)????

??????,??????????????2006???«????????????????????????????»??????,???????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????,???????????????????[9]

2007?,?????«?????????»,?????????«??»?????????«???????????????????»,???«???????????????????????»??«????»???????????????,«?»????88???????4??,?????,???????????????????????«???????»??????????“?”?????,?????????????????????????[10]

2010???,???????????????«??????????2020??»,??????,???????[11]

2011????????,??????????????«2050???????????»,?????????????2020???????,???????????,??(???????????????)??????????????,?????????????????????[12]

???????,?????,????????????????

???????????????“?”??????????????????????????????

??«???????????????????»??107?????,????????????,???????????(?),??????????????

???“?”??????????????:?????,??????????????????????????,??,???;???????????????,???????????

?????2023??????????7???WTO?????????????,[13]???????????????????????????????,??????“??????????”??????“????????????????????????”?????,???????????????????????????????????,??2021-2022????????????????????2273.5?????????????????????????????????

????????????????,????????????“??????????????”???????????????,??????????,???

(?????????????)?????????????????“??????????”????????

1. ???“??????????”?????????????????

2014???,??????????????????????????«2030??»,???2030?????????????????????,???????????,????,?????2030???????????????27%,??????????????????????????????????[14]

2015???????,??«???»,????“????”,???????????????????????????????????????????,???“????????????????”???????,?????,??????[15]

2018??????????,?«???»,?????????????????????2030??32%,?????????[16]

????????????,????????????????????????«????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????»,???2050???????“????”??????,????????????“????????????????????????”?,?????????????????????,?????????????,?????????[17]

2. ??«?????????????»????«?»???“?????”????????????????

2019????????,???«?»,????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????2030?????????????????1990?55%???????2050?????????????“???????”???

???????????,???“???”???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????“??????????????”?????????,«?????????????»???:????????????????;?????????;???????????????????,??,???????,????????????????????????,????????[18]

2020????3??????,???????«?????????????????»,?????????:????????????????????????????????;???“?”;???????????????????????2021??????5???????????????????????????????????????????????????[19]???????,??,????????????????????,?????????????,????????????????????????,????????“???????????”(IPCEI)????,???

2022?????,???,?????????????????????????,??“REPowerEU”?????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?2030???????45%,??????????????[20]

3. ????????

2023??,??????«?»,??????????«??????????????????????»,??????????????,???“???????????”??????[21]

2024???????????????????????,?«??????????????????»???????????????«????????????»??????«??»?????????

«??????»??????????????????[22]???“??????”???????;?????2030?,??????????????40%;???????????????????“?”(NZSPs),?,???;???«??»??,???????????????

«???????»??,??????2030????????,?????????????,????????????????-?????????????????????????????????,?“?”????????????????

(?)?????????????

1. ??????????

2018???,??????????????????????????«??????????????????????:???????????»,???????????????????????????????,??,??????,????????“????????”(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????)?

?“??????”(CEF),???????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,????

2. ?????

2017????????????????????????,???????????“?”,???,?????,??,?????????????????????[23]

2018???,???????????«??????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????????,?????[24]??????????????????,?????????:?;????,????;????,??????????????;???;???????(?);??????

??????????,???????,???????????????“??????????”???????????????“??????”??????????,????????????????,????????????????

(??????????)????????????????????

1. ???????????

2022???,?????«??»,??????????2025???????????320???????????(GW)?????????????????????2030?????????600???????????[25]??????????,???????????????????????

????????????????????????,????:?“????????”,????????;???????????????????????????????;?,???????;????????????

2. ????????????

??????,??????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????,?;??,?;?;??;??????

2024??????????,???????????????????????????????«?????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????(???)????????“??????????????”????,??????,??

?????,?????????,???????????????????????????“?????????????????”????????“????????????????????”?????,????????????,????????????????

??????????????:??????? - ?????

(???????????????)??:????????????????????????“?”??

?????????????2006????????,????????????“??????????”????????«??????????????»«????????»«????»?,?????,???????“?????”?????????????????????,????????

???????????????????,“??????”???????????????“???”???????????,??????,??????????????????????????????2020????????????????????????2???2026????????????12?????31??????????????????????????,???7230??????????????????,??????????????????3380?????????,3850?????,???????37%?????????????????????????????????????????2024???????????????????????????????????4?????????????????,??????????????????879??????,???????“?????????????”??25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)???«?????»??,???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????2021-2027?????????????????,????59.4????????????????????[27]

“??????????????”??????,??????:“??????”“????????????????”?????“?????????????????????”?“?????”???????????,“????????”??????????????????????“?????????”???,“????????????????????”????????[28]“??????????????????????”????????????????2023??????,?????????????????????2021-2022?????????????????????2273.5???????????????

(???????????????)??????:???????????????????

?????????????“?????????”??????,?????????????“?”???????,???????????????????!

??,???????,???????,???????????????,??,?????[29]

??8?????????20??????????,????????????????????????,?,??????“?????????????????????????????????”?,???????????????????????????,??????“?????????????????”???“??”??????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????,?????????????????????????????????“????????????????”,???[30]

????????????????????,????????????2035???,?????,????????????(??????????????)????????????????????????,???????????,???[31]

2024???8???9???????????????????,??????????(WT/DS626????????),[32]?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?????»?6??????????????«?»????1??2??????????????????????10??17??????????????????????????????????19???????????????????????????????????????22??????????????????32???????????,?????????,?????

(???????)??????????:????????????????“????”???

?????????????,????????????????????????,??????«?»«????????????????????????»«???»????,??????????????“????”?,??????????,???“?”???????,?????????????????????

??,????????????????????,???????????????,???,???????????????,???????????????“?????????”?????????

???????????????????1957????????«???»??????????“????”?????????????,??????«??????????»????????????,??????????????????????????,?????????????????“?????????”??

????,2018???????????2024???8?????????????????,?“????????????????????”??,??????????????????????????????????362?????(???320??),???????????68????????(??21%),??????61??(????????????????????17%)?[33]??????????????,??,?????????????????????????????“?????”????????

??|??????? ? ??????????????????????????????

????

[1]??????:

[2]??«?»????????????298?51?????????????????????52??????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????:????????,2024???????????????????????4??

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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[31]

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