????75?????(?????????)

????:??????????:????2021

????75????????75?????,???????????????????????????,???????????????????????,????,??????,???????????????,????

??,?????,????????????,2023????????????223??????????????????????????GDP????89?????????????????43.6????????????……??????????????????75???????????,“??????????”?????????75?????,???“???????????????????”????????????,????,??????????????

? ??????????

?7.9%

??????????????????????????

????????,?????????????,??????????????????????????,???,??1952??????679????,????????1978??????????3679???????????????????????;????????,??,1986???????1??????????,2000?10???????????,2006???20?????????,????12???????10?????????????,2020???????????????????100?????,2023???????126??,?????????????,2023??????????1952??????????223???,???????????7.9%;???,19792023????8.9%,????????3.0%???

?GDP?????????8.9?????????????

??????????

1952?,??????????????GDP?????????119?????????????,?????????????????????????????,????GDP???????????????2019??,????????GDP?70078??????????????,???????????10158?,????1?;2023??89358??????,???1952????????89????????,??6.5%,????????????????12681??,????????????????3????????1.2?????,2023???????(GNI)???????????1.34?,???????????

??????????????

????????????

??,??????,???????1952????,?????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%????????????????,??????,???

??????????,????,???,?????????????,???????2023???????????????,??????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%???,???????????????????9???????1.3?????????????,?????????????????????????????,?,??????????????????,??,??“??????????+”????

“??????????????????????????????”??????????22.4??????????????

?????????????

???,????????,?????,??????????????,??????????????????

20132023???????,??????8.7%?10.3%,????,??????????5G????????,“?”?????????,???????????????????????

???2023???????????,??421????????????????;????,???????????????

???????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,“????”????????????????2023??,???“?????????”??????????????22.4??,??GDP???????17.73%?

???????????????????????

????????

1949??????2.2????????,????????????8.1?,??????????75?,?,?,???????????,??????????

2023??????????,????????????15.9?,??????????????????1949????????????6????????,????4.5?,??????????2/3??????;???544????????????,?66?????,??18.4????????????????????????,?;????????????????12.8???????????,????????????????74.1%;??????????????????????????876???????????????????????????????,2023??????????1.7??,??????????2016??10??,????????????????,???????????????????

??3.92???

??????????

1949????49.7?????????1978?????????????????,??171??????????,?????151?????,??????????,???????????,???????,?????????????,??2023??,???39218??????????,??????????1949???????76??,???6.0%;????26796??????,??1956??36?,???????????5.5%?

?????????,???????????????,???????????2023????,????????29.8%,?????????????1978??????34.1?????;???????45.2%,????????2013??????????????5.5??????,???????,???????????2023????????????,????????49.7?,???????????????????????145.9???,????2013???????????2.9??2.1???????

?

???????

?,??????????????????????,?????

?,????????????????????????????????,??????,???????????,???????????????,????????,??????????

2023??,??????10.66????,?????????1989??10.09????;????????????????2.44???????????3.02??????????,??1994?1.64?????2.84??????????????,??,?????????,?????????????

9899?????????????

?????????

???????,??????????????????20?????????????5070?????????????????,???,???????????????,?“???”????,??????????????????????????,???

????,??????????,???????????8??????????????????????????????,??2020????????????9899???,832?,12.8???,??,?????????,?????????10?????????????????«??2030??»?????????,?,???????????????????????????????

?????????60%

?????????

????????,???????????????????????????,????,??

2023???,???????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;???????1.6?????4542???????????????????,?1949???????6.4???????????103??,??????(OECD)???????????

????????????,?,???2023?,?60%,?;?1982?????????8??????????11.05???,????

?????????????

????

1950?,?11.3????,???1978?206???????????????,????????????????????,2001?????,???????????,????????????

??,?,???????,?????????????1978???????1%?2023???12.4%,????????????7????????????????“?????????”??,?150???????????30?????230???“???????”??????????????,??????25????????200???,???“??”?

?????

?

?,?????????????,????????????????,???????????,??1999?,???????????????????????????????????????2012????????????,??,????4.9,?1952?8.1?

???,???????????????????????????????,??????????20132023????,???????????????6.9%?7.1%,????????2023?????????????????????,???????????????????46.7%?24.4%,??2012????????????2.9?????????0.9?????

??????????????????????????????46.3????

???

??,?????,?????1956?????“??????????”?,??????????????,?????????????,???????????????,??????

???????????,??,?,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????“???”,???????????????????,??11???,?????,???????????????2023???????????????????????,????????,???????????????????46.3??

?????????66%

???????

?????????????,??????????????????????1949???10.64%,1978?????????17.92%?????????????,??????????????????,???2023????,??9.3????????????,??????????1978??7.6?;?????????????66.16%,??????????????????48.24????????

?????,????,??????,???????????????2023?,??????????48.3%,??????2015?????????8.4????????,?????????,????????????,?????2012??2.88:1??????????2023????2.39:1?2023??????????,?12.4:1,???????2013????????1.4?2023???460????????,???99%??,?????????????14.4???

????????3246???????????????????????????6833?

??????????????????????????

1949????????????,?????????,?????????,???????????????,????????2023?????,?????????3246??????????????6833????????????,?1949????????????59?????325?;??119?????(????????????????)?

?????,?,???????????,??????,????2022??????????????????,???????4.46%,??2013??0.77??????????;??????2012???????888?????2023?1622???

??78.6?????

????????????????

????????,?,?????75?????????,?????,??????,?????????2023???????,?????????107???????,?????1017??,?1249?????????

???,??????????????,??,????????????2023???????????????,????????13.34?????,???????????????????????????2018?95%??????????2023???????????,???78.6????????????,??1949?43.6??,??

??24.02%

???

20?50?,????,???????????????????????,??????????,????????????“??????????????????”?????2022???????????????????,??????????????????9014??????????????,???20???????80?????????25?30??????????????;?18%,??????????????

???????????,“??”?????????????24.02%?2023??????????,??????(PM2.5)??????????????2016??28.6%,?????????????????????????????????21.6?????????,????????????????????????????????,????????????“????”??????????“??????”,?????(?????????) ??:???????????