?? ???????????????????
????:1????????:????
2???????????
3???????
4??????
5????????
???????????
?? ?
?
???????????????
??????,?????????
???????????????????,????????
(????)?????????????
(??????)???
(??)???????????????
????????????,????
????????????????????????,?????????
???????????????,?
???????????
(?)????
(??)??????
????????????????
?
?????????????(National Endowment for Democracy,???????????NED)?????????????????????,??,????????????,?,????,???????????,?,?????????,??????????,??????????????,??
??????,NED???,??????,?????????????????????????????????????,???,???????????????NED,??,????NED?????????????,????????????NED??????????????,??????????????????,????
??????????????????????????????????
NED??????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????
(??)NED?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,??????20?60???,?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,NED?,?????????????
(??????????)NED??????????1981????????,?????????,?????????,?????,??????????????1983????NED????????????????????,??????:?,?????????
(???????)NED??1983?11????????22????,???«??????»,????NED?????????????????,?????????????????????????1983???????NED??????????,??1800???????40???????????????,????????????????????(USASpending)??????,2023???3.15?????????????????????,NED???
(?)NED????NED????????,NED????,?????«??????»??????,???????????????????NED?????????,??
(????????????)NED??????,???????????«?????????????????????»,NED??????12??????????????????31??????????????????????????????????????NED?????????????????????,????
(??)???NED???????«???»,NED???????????????
(???????????)NED???????????1995?????:????,????????,?????????????????????,NED??????????«?????????:?»??????,????????????NED??,?????????????????
????????????????,???????????
(?????)???????????2022??9?????????????,??????????????????,??????????????????????????,?2015???????2022?NED????????????????????????62.8??«???????????»?????,NED???????????????????????????????,NED????????????????(Center for Human Rights in Iran, CHRI)????????????????????(Human Rights Activists News Agency, HRANA)?,????????????,?????????NED?????«?????????»???,???????????????????NED????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????
(?)??????????,NED?????????,????,???NED???????????,????????????????????????????,???,???????
(????)????????????????????2004??????,NED????????6500?????????????2007??????2015?,NED???????????3000????????,???????????2013??????2014???,NED??????????,??????????NED????????????????,???????X(????)???,??,?????????
(??)???2002????????????7???,NED?????????????????,NED??????,????????,????,???2021?7??????,??????????,NED?????????,?(???????????????)???????????????,???
???????,?????????????????
(?)??????
1???2021?????,NED?????????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????????
2?2021?????5???,NED????????,???????????????NED?,??,?????????????????
3?NED??,?????????????????,?????;?????????????,?????
4?NED??????????,?(Mexicans Against Corruption and Impunity, MCCI)??(Mexican Institute for Competitiveness, IMCO)????????????????,???????2021?????????,?NED???????,??????????????????
5?2017???????????,NED?54?????????????????????2018??????????,???????????????????????????????,???4.8?????
6?NED???????????????,?????????????,????
(??)?????
1?NED????????«?????????»(Journal of Democracy)??????????????,????????????????????????????????????????
2?2023?7????????,«????»???????????????????,?????????5?,???????????????????,??????????????2024???????4????,«?????????»?????«????????????????»????????,????????????????,??????,??????????
3?NED?????(??????????)??????????,????????????????????????????????????????NED????,2021?????????NED???????11????????????????,?????180?????????????????,????,???
(???)????????
1?2022?????4??2023????????12??????,?????????????NED???????????????,?????2023????5??????????????,?????????????????2???,NED????,???????
2?NED????(Rappler)?????NED?????,2017????2021??????????????????,?????NED???????????78.6????????????????2022????,????,???????????????????????????
3?NED?????(Foundation for Democracy in Iran,FDI)???????????????,FDI????????????????????????????????????????????
4?2023??????1??,NED????????????,????????????????
??????????,???????
NED?????????????,NED???????????,???
(????????????)??????2022?,NED????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????,???,??????????,????????????2023????????7?,NED??????20???,???????
(?????????)????????NED????????,?????,2020???,????31??,??2023????????????,NED???????????????????????????????????????2023??????????
(???????????)NED?????????????????,?????????????500????600??????2024?3??????????????????,NED??????,?????????????????????????,?????
NED????????,?,??NED????????????????????,?????????????????
(??????)2023??????3??????,NED???????????NED??????,??????????????,??????????????????????2023????11??????NED????????????????????????????????????????2024????4??????,NED??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????NED?????????
(???)21????,NED??3????,????????????????2024???????5?????????,NED??????,?????
?????????????????????????,?????????????
(?????????)NED??«???????????»???,????????2023????????11??????????30????????,NED???????????,???????
(???????????)NED???CNN??????,????????????????????????????????
(???????????)NED?????????(International Republican Institute, IRI)?????????????????????,???
(?????????????????)NED?1741????????????92??????,????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????
(????????)NED?????????????VOA??BBC???????,???????????NED????????????,????
?????????????????????????????????,????
(????)NED?(Governance Center for Public Policy, GCPP),??6???????????????,??????,?????????????????,????
(?)2024?3?????????????,NED???????(Center for International Private Enterprise, CIPE)??????????????????????????(Makati Business Club)??????«????»,?,???????
(??)NED????(European Values Center for Security Policy, EVC)??????????????????(Global Security Center,GSC)????????,???,????????????????
(????)?,NED?????????????????????????????????,????????
(??????????????)2022?????????????????????????????1???2023??1????????????,NED????daktilo84.com????????,??????,????
(????)NED????2023?????12???????????,NED??????Sbunker??????,?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????
(??)NED?????????????????????????????????,???????????V,?,?,??????????????????????
(?)NED?,????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????
(???????)??????????
1???????????,NED?,???????????????NED?????,???????????
2?????????80??NED???????????????????,?,?,?????
3?2006??????1????????29??????,«?»???????«???????»???????,??????
4?2021????9?,????????«??»????????????????????????????????????????????????NED??????,???????????,NED????,?????????????????????????????????NED????????,????????????
(????)???????????
1?2015?7?????29?,???,?????NED????????,????????,?????????????????NED?????????????????????
2??2022???????????5?????,?????????????????????«?»??,NED????,????????????????????????????????????????????,??
3????????????2008?«????????????????60????»??,???????NED?,?NED??????????????,????,?????????
4????????????????2010??????????????????????????????«NED:?????????????????»,????????????NED?????????????,??????????
5???????????«??»2018?????NED??????????(Hungary Helsinki Committee)??????????????????????,??,???
6?2023?4?????,NED????????,???????????????????????????????????????«??????????????????»??????????????????????????????,???NED???
7????????????????(The Institute of World Economy and International Relations, IMEMO)????«?40????:???????»??,?NED,???????????????????????????????,???????,??????NED???????????
8?2023????6??????????????????????????,???????????????????,??????????????
9?2016?,??????«??»???????????,??????????????????NED?????
???
??????????????????,???NED,???????,?????????,?????????,?????????,?,??????????????
?????,??????????????????,????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,??
????
1.???«???????????:??»,??2006???????
2.?????????????????????????????????«?»,????,2023??????????????12??
3.?«?NED?????»,2021??????????????????5?17?????
4.????????«NED???»,????????,2018?7?????????????6????
5.????? ??:??????