?? ???????????

2024???8???20?????????????????????,??(AS689)?????,[1]??17%-36.3%?(?????9%)??????????????2023?????9??????13????????“???????????????”????,??,???2023???????????10????????4??????????,???????????????????,??????“??????”?,????

???????,??????????????,????????????????????????,?“????????”(?????????????????????)??,???????????????????????????????????«???????»??,??????????????????“??”???????????????????????2019?????«???????»??,??????????????????????,??????????????????????“???????????????????????????”????2020??,???«????????????»,??????????????????,??????????“??????????????????”?,??????????????????????,??,????

???????????????“?”??????????????,????????????????

?????????

(?????)??????,?????????????????????

1. ??????????????

??????????????????????,??????????????1951?,??????????(????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??????«????????????»,???????????????????????“????????????????”(ECSC),????,?????,??????????????????????????????????

1957?????????????,???«????????»???????«?»?????????“??”(Euratom),?(?????????????????????????),?????,???????,??????????????“?????????????????????????????”(EEC),?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????92?94?????????????????????(state aid),??????????[2]

2. ?

1965????????,??«??????»,?????????????????,??????????,?????????,????«???????????????????????»???????????????????

1974??????????????????????,??????????????«????????????????1985??????????»,?????1985??????????????????50%,?????,??????[3]

???????,???????,?????????????????????,????????????????????????,????????,?????????????????????

(?????????)????????????????

1980???????????????,??«?1990??????????»,????????????????????,??????????[4]?????1974???????

1986?,???????«???????????????»,[5]??????????????????????????,????,???????

????????,??,??,????????

??????

1992??????????????,???«??????»(????????????????????????«????????????????????»),??????????“???????”(EU),?????????????????????“??????”(EEC)????????????“???????????????”(EC),?????????????????????«??»????«????????????????????»????????????????

?????«??»?????,?????????????????,«??????????????????????»??130???????????,???????

????????????,??????,?????????“???????”????????

(?)???????

1995????,?????«??????????»????????????????????????,???????????????,???[6]

1997????????????,??????????«???????:??????????????????????????»?,[7]???,??????,????????

2000?????,?«??????????????????????????»?,??????,????????????[8]

?????,??????????,??????????

(??????)????????????

?????????????????,????????2006???«??????????????????????????????????????????»???????,???????,??,???,??????[9]

2007?????????????????????????????,??????????«????????????????»,???«?????»?«??????????»,???????«?????????????»????«????»??,«????»??88??????????????4???????,??,???????????????????«??????????????»??????????????“?”?????,?????????????[10]

2010??????????????????????????,?????????????????«???????????????2020??????????????????????????????»,?????,????[11]

2011?????,???«2050?»,??????????2020??,???????,??????????????????????????(??????????????????)????????,???[12]

???????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????

?????????????????????“??????”???

??«??»???????????????107?????????????,???????????????????,?????(?????????????????????),?????????????

???“????”??????????????????:?????????????,?????????,?,???????????;???,????

??????????2023?????????????????7?WTO???,[13]??????????????????????????????,???“??????”???????????“?????”??,?????????????????????,??????????????2021-2022???????2273.5??

?????,????????????“????”??,?????????,?????????

(????????????????????????)????????????????????????????“????”????????????????

1. ???????????“?????????????????”??????

2014???????????????,????«2030?»,???????2030????????????????????????????,??????????,???,???????????????????????????????????2030?27%,??????????????[14]

2015??????????????,??«???»,????????????????????“???????????????????????????????”,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????“????????”???,????,????????[15]

2018???,???????«??????»,?????????????????2030?????????????????????32%,?????????[16]

????????????,???????????????????«???????????????????????»,?????2050??????????????“?????”?????????,???“????????????????????????????????????????”?????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????????[17]

2. ???«??????»??????«??????????????????????????»?“???????”???

2019????????????,???????«????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2030?1990???55%?????2050???????????“???????????”?????

??,??????“?????”?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?“?????????????????????”???????????????????????????????????,«???????»???:??;????????????;?????????????,?,?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,??[18]

2020??????????????????????????3?,???????«???????????»,?????????????:??????;???“?”;?????2021?????5?????????????????????????[19]?,????????????????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????,????,????????????“?”(IPCEI)?????,??????????????????

2022?????????????????????,??,??????????????????????,???“REPowerEU”????????????????,????????????????????,??????,?????2030?????????????????45%,?????????[20]

3. ????????????????????

2023???,????????????????????«??????»,??«??????????????»,??????????,????????????????????“??????????????????”?????[21]

2024???,???????«?»????????«????????????»????????????????«?????»?????

«????»????[22]?????“???????”????????;?2030?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????40%;???“?????”(NZSPs),?????,??????;???????«???????»??,?????????????

«????????????????????????»???????????,?????2030??????,???,??-?????????????????????????????????????,????????“????????????”???????????????????????

(?)??

1. ?????????????

2018????????,??????????«??????????????????????:?????????????»,??????????????,??,????????????????????????????????,??????“?????????????????????”(electro-mobility,???????????????)?

???“????????????????????”(CEF),?,?????????????????????????????,???????,??????,?????

2. ??

2017?????????,??????????????“???????????????”,????????????????????????????????,???????,??????????????,???????????????[23]

2018??????,????«?????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????[24]????????????,?:???;??????????????????,?????????????;?????,???????????????????????;??????????;???????????????(???????);??

??????,???????,?????????????????“???????????????”?????????????????????????????????“??????????”???????????,????????,????????????????????????????????

(?)????????

1. ????????????

2022???,??????????????«??»,?2025??????????????320????????????????????????(GW)????2030???????????????????????600???????????[25]????????????,??????

????????,???:??“???????????????????????????”,??????;???????????????????;???????????????????,??????????;??????????????

2. ???????

?????????????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?????,??;?????????,??????????????????;?????;?????????;?????????????

2024????,???????????????????«??»,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????(??????????????)?????????????????????????????????“??????”??????????????,??????,??????

???,?,????????????????????????????????“??”???????????“???”????????,??????,????????????

?????????????????????????????:? - ????????????????????????

(?????????????)???:???????????????“?”???????????

??????????????????????????2006?????????????,???“??????”????????????????????????«??????»«?»«????????»???????????????,???????????,?????“?”??,??

?????,“?”?????????“?????????????”????????????????,?????,???????????2020?2???????????????????????????????2026????????????????????12??31??,?7230?????????????,???3380???????????????????,3850???????????,??????????????????37%????????2024?????????4???????,?????879????????????????,????????????????????“???????”??25.7%?[26]

“????”(CEF)??«??»??,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????2021-2027?????????,??????????????????????59.4???????[27]

“???????????”??????????????,????:“???????????”“???????????????”????????????“???????”?“??????????????????????”?,“?????”?????????“???????????????????”???,“?????????????????”??????[28]“?????”?????????2023?,?????????2021-2022?????????????????2273.5?????????

(??????????????????????)??????:????

??“?????????????”?????????????????????????,?????“????????????????”???????????,?!

??????????????????,?????????????????,?????,?????,??????,???????????????????[29]

?????????????8???20?????????,???????????????????????????,??????,????“?????????????????????”??????????,?????????????,?“?????”???“?”???????????,??,?,??????,???????????????????????????“????????????”,??[30]

??,??2035????????????????????????,????,?????????????????????????????(???????)??????????,?????????,???????????????[31]

2024???8???9?????,??????????(WT/DS626?????),[32]?????????????????????????????«???????????????»????6?«??????????????»???1?????????????????????2??????????????????????????????10???????????????????17???????????????19???????22?????????32???????,???????????,???????

(???????????????)?????:??????????????????“???????????”????

?,?????????????????????????,?????«?»«??»«???»??????,?“??”?,?????????????????,??????????????“???”???????????????????????????????,???

??????????,???????????,????????????????????,??????????????,??,???“??????”???????

???1957??????«?????»????????“????????????”?????????,?????«????????»???????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????????????“??????????”??

?,2018??????2024????????????????8?,????????????????????????????“??????”???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362????????(?320???????),????68?(??????????????????????21%),????????61???????(?17%)?[33]??????,????????????????,????“????????”??

?????????????????|????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????

??

[1]??:

[2]???«?????????????»??298??51??52????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???:???????????????????????????????,2024???????????????????4??

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?:

[30]?????????????????????:

[31]

[32]????(WT/DS626?????):

[33] ??????????:???? “???????”_????

?? ????????????“??????”???

????????????“??????”???
??
2024-08-23 17:38:57

????:1????????:???????

2???????

3????????

4?????????

5????????

?? ???????????

2024???8???20?????????????????????,??(AS689)?????,[1]??17%-36.3%?(?????9%)??????????????2023?????9??????13????????“???????????????”????,??,???2023???????????10????????4??????????,???????????????????,??????“??????”?,????

???????,??????????????,????????????????????????,?“????????”(?????????????????????)??,???????????????????????????????????«???????»??,??????????????????“??”???????????????????????2019?????«???????»??,??????????????????????,??????????????????????“???????????????????????????”????2020??,???«????????????»,??????????????????,??????????“??????????????????”?,??????????????????????,??,????

???????????????“?”??????????????,????????????????

?????????

(?????)??????,?????????????????????

1. ??????????????

??????????????????????,??????????????1951?,??????????(????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??????«????????????»,???????????????????????“????????????????”(ECSC),????,?????,??????????????????????????????????

1957?????????????,???«????????»???????«?»?????????“??”(Euratom),?(?????????????????????????),?????,???????,??????????????“?????????????????????????????”(EEC),?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????92?94?????????????????????(state aid),??????????[2]

2. ?

1965????????,??«??????»,?????????????????,??????????,?????????,????«???????????????????????»???????????????????

1974??????????????????????,??????????????«????????????????1985??????????»,?????1985??????????????????50%,?????,??????[3]

???????,???????,?????????????????????,????????????????????????,????????,?????????????????????

(?????????)????????????????

1980???????????????,??«?1990??????????»,????????????????????,??????????[4]?????1974???????

1986?,???????«???????????????»,[5]??????????????????????????,????,???????

????????,??,??,????????

??????

1992??????????????,???«??????»(????????????????????????«????????????????????»),??????????“???????”(EU),?????????????????????“??????”(EEC)????????????“???????????????”(EC),?????????????????????«??»????«????????????????????»????????????????

?????«??»?????,?????????????????,«??????????????????????»??130???????????,???????

????????????,??????,?????????“???????”????????

(?)???????

1995????,?????«??????????»????????????????????????,???????????????,???[6]

1997????????????,??????????«???????:??????????????????????????»?,[7]???,??????,????????

2000?????,?«??????????????????????????»?,??????,????????????[8]

?????,??????????,??????????

(??????)????????????

?????????????????,????????2006???«??????????????????????????????????????????»???????,???????,??,???,??????[9]

2007?????????????????????????????,??????????«????????????????»,???«?????»?«??????????»,???????«?????????????»????«????»??,«????»??88??????????????4???????,??,???????????????????«??????????????»??????????????“?”?????,?????????????[10]

2010??????????????????????????,?????????????????«???????????????2020??????????????????????????????»,?????,????[11]

2011?????,???«2050?»,??????????2020??,???????,??????????????????????????(??????????????????)????????,???[12]

???????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????

?????????????????????“??????”???

??«??»???????????????107?????????????,???????????????????,?????(?????????????????????),?????????????

???“????”??????????????????:?????????????,?????????,?,???????????;???,????

??????????2023?????????????????7?WTO???,[13]??????????????????????????????,???“??????”???????????“?????”??,?????????????????????,??????????????2021-2022???????2273.5??

?????,????????????“????”??,?????????,?????????

(????????????????????????)????????????????????????????“????”????????????????

1. ???????????“?????????????????”??????

2014???????????????,????«2030?»,???????2030????????????????????????????,??????????,???,???????????????????????????????????2030?27%,??????????????[14]

2015??????????????,??«???»,????????????????????“???????????????????????????????”,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????“????????”???,????,????????[15]

2018???,???????«??????»,?????????????????2030?????????????????????32%,?????????[16]

????????????,???????????????????«???????????????????????»,?????2050??????????????“?????”?????????,???“????????????????????????????????????????”?????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????????[17]

2. ???«??????»??????«??????????????????????????»?“???????”???

2019????????????,???????«????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2030?1990???55%?????2050???????????“???????????”?????

??,??????“?????”?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?“?????????????????????”???????????????????????????????????,«???????»???:??;????????????;?????????????,?,?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,??[18]

2020??????????????????????????3?,???????«???????????»,?????????????:??????;???“?”;?????2021?????5?????????????????????????[19]?,????????????????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????,????,????????????“?”(IPCEI)?????,??????????????????

2022?????????????????????,??,??????????????????????,???“REPowerEU”????????????????,????????????????????,??????,?????2030?????????????????45%,?????????[20]

3. ????????????????????

2023???,????????????????????«??????»,??«??????????????»,??????????,????????????????????“??????????????????”?????[21]

2024???,???????«?»????????«????????????»????????????????«?????»?????

«????»????[22]?????“???????”????????;?2030?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????40%;???“?????”(NZSPs),?????,??????;???????«???????»??,?????????????

«????????????????????????»???????????,?????2030??????,???,??-?????????????????????????????????????,????????“????????????”???????????????????????

(?)??

1. ?????????????

2018????????,??????????«??????????????????????:?????????????»,??????????????,??,????????????????????????????????,??????“?????????????????????”(electro-mobility,???????????????)?

???“????????????????????”(CEF),?,?????????????????????????????,???????,??????,?????

2. ??

2017?????????,??????????????“???????????????”,????????????????????????????????,???????,??????????????,???????????????[23]

2018??????,????«?????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????[24]????????????,?:???;??????????????????,?????????????;?????,???????????????????????;??????????;???????????????(???????);??

??????,???????,?????????????????“???????????????”?????????????????????????????????“??????????”???????????,????????,????????????????????????????????

(?)????????

1. ????????????

2022???,??????????????«??»,?2025??????????????320????????????????????????(GW)????2030???????????????????????600???????????[25]????????????,??????

????????,???:??“???????????????????????????”,??????;???????????????????;???????????????????,??????????;??????????????

2. ???????

?????????????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?????,??;?????????,??????????????????;?????;?????????;?????????????

2024????,???????????????????«??»,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????(??????????????)?????????????????????????????????“??????”??????????????,??????,??????

???,?,????????????????????????????????“??”???????????“???”????????,??????,????????????

?????????????????????????????:? - ????????????????????????

(?????????????)???:???????????????“?”???????????

??????????????????????????2006?????????????,???“??????”????????????????????????«??????»«?»«????????»???????????????,???????????,?????“?”??,??

?????,“?”?????????“?????????????”????????????????,?????,???????????2020?2???????????????????????????????2026????????????????????12??31??,?7230?????????????,???3380???????????????????,3850???????????,??????????????????37%????????2024?????????4???????,?????879????????????????,????????????????????“???????”??25.7%?[26]

“????”(CEF)??«??»??,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????2021-2027?????????,??????????????????????59.4???????[27]

“???????????”??????????????,????:“???????????”“???????????????”????????????“???????”?“??????????????????????”?,“?????”?????????“???????????????????”???,“?????????????????”??????[28]“?????”?????????2023?,?????????2021-2022?????????????????2273.5?????????

(??????????????????????)??????:????

??“?????????????”?????????????????????????,?????“????????????????”???????????,?!

??????????????????,?????????????????,?????,?????,??????,???????????????????[29]

?????????????8???20?????????,???????????????????????????,??????,????“?????????????????????”??????????,?????????????,?“?????”???“?”???????????,??,?,??????,???????????????????????????“????????????”,??[30]

??,??2035????????????????????????,????,?????????????????????????????(???????)??????????,?????????,???????????????[31]

2024???8???9?????,??????????(WT/DS626?????),[32]?????????????????????????????«???????????????»????6?«??????????????»???1?????????????????????2??????????????????????????????10???????????????????17???????????????19???????22?????????32???????,???????????,???????

(???????????????)?????:??????????????????“???????????”????

?,?????????????????????????,?????«?»«??»«???»??????,?“??”?,?????????????????,??????????????“???”???????????????????????????????,???

??????????,???????????,????????????????????,??????????????,??,???“??????”???????

???1957??????«?????»????????“????????????”?????????,?????«????????»???????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????????????“??????????”??

?,2018??????2024????????????????8?,????????????????????????????“??????”???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362????????(?320???????),????68?(??????????????????????21%),????????61???????(?17%)?[33]??????,????????????????,????“????????”??

?????????????????|????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????

??

[1]??:

[2]???«?????????????»??298??51??52????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???:???????????????????????????????,2024???????????????????4??

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?:

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[31]

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