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2024???8???20?????????????????????,??(AS689)?????,[1]??17%-36.3%?(?????9%)??????????????2023?????9??????13???????????????????????????,??,???2023???????????10????????4??????????,???????????????????,?????????????,????
???????,??????????????,????????????????????????,?????????(?????????????????????)??,???????????????????????????????????«???????»??,???????????????????????????????????????????2019?????«???????»??,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????2020??,???«????????????»,??????????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??,????
??????????????????????????????,????????????????
?????????
(?????)??????,?????????????????????
1. ??????????????
??????????????????????,??????????????1951?,??????????(????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??????«????????????»,???????????????????????????????????????(ECSC),????,?????,??????????????????????????????????
1957?????????????,???«????????»???????«?»???????????(Euratom),?(?????????????????????????),?????,???????,???????????????????????????????????????????(EEC),?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????92?94?????????????????????(state aid),??????????[2]
2. ?
1965????????,??«??????»,?????????????????,??????????,?????????,????«???????????????????????»???????????????????
1974??????????????????????,??????????????«????????????????1985??????????»,?????1985??????????????????50%,?????,??????[3]
???????,???????,?????????????????????,????????????????????????,????????,?????????????????????
(?????????)????????????????
1980???????????????,??«?1990??????????»,????????????????????,??????????[4]?????1974???????
1986?,???????«???????????????»,[5]??????????????????????????,????,???????
????????,??,??,????????
??????
1992??????????????,???«??????»(????????????????????????«????????????????????»),?????????????????(EU),???????????????????????????(EEC)???????????????????????????(EC),?????????????????????«??»????«????????????????????»????????????????
?????«??»?????,?????????????????,«??????????????????????»??130???????????,???????
????????????,??????,????????????????????????
(?)???????
1995????,?????«??????????»????????????????????????,???????????????,???[6]
1997????????????,??????????«???????:??????????????????????????»?,[7]???,??????,????????
2000?????,?«??????????????????????????»?,??????,????????????[8]
?????,??????????,??????????
(??????)????????????
?????????????????,????????2006???«??????????????????????????????????????????»???????,???????,??,???,??????[9]
2007?????????????????????????????,??????????«????????????????»,???«?????»?«??????????»,???????«?????????????»????«????»??,«????»??88??????????????4???????,??,???????????????????«??????????????»????????????????????,?????????????[10]
2010??????????????????????????,?????????????????«???????????????2020??????????????????????????????»,?????,????[11]
2011?????,???«2050?»,??????????2020??,???????,??????????????????????????(??????????????????)????????,???[12]
???????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????
??????????????????????????????
??«??»???????????????107?????????????,???????????????????,?????(?????????????????????),?????????????
?????????????????????????:?????????????,?????????,?,???????????;???,????
??????????2023?????????????????7?WTO???,[13]??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????2021-2022???????2273.5??
?????,??????????????????,?????????,?????????
(????????????????????????)????????????????????????????????????????????????
1. ??????????????????????????????????
2014???????????????,????«2030?»,???????2030????????????????????????????,??????????,???,???????????????????????????????????2030?27%,??????????????[14]
2015??????????????,??«???»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????,????????[15]
2018???,???????«??????»,?????????????????2030?????????????????????32%,?????????[16]
????????????,???????????????????«???????????????????????»,?????2050????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????????[17]
2. ???«??????»??????«??????????????????????????»???????????
2019????????????,???????«????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2030?1990???55%?????2050???????????????????????????
??,????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,«???????»???:??;????????????;?????????????,?,?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,??[18]
2020??????????????????????????3?,???????«???????????»,?????????????:??????;????;?????2021?????5?????????????????????????[19]?,????????????????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????,????,?????????????(IPCEI)?????,??????????????????
2022?????????????????????,??,??????????????????????,???REPowerEU????????????????,????????????????????,??????,?????2030?????????????????45%,?????????[20]
3. ????????????????????
2023???,????????????????????«??????»,??«??????????????»,??????????,???????????????????????????????????????????[21]
2024???,???????«?»????????«????????????»????????????????«?????»?????
«????»????[22]????????????????????;?2030?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????40%;????????(NZSPs),?????,??????;???????«???????»??,?????????????
«????????????????????????»???????????,?????2030??????,???,??-?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????
(?)??
1. ?????????????
2018????????,??????????«??????????????????????:?????????????»,??????????????,??,????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????(electro-mobility,???????????????)?
???????????????????????(CEF),?,?????????????????????????????,???????,??????,?????
2. ??
2017?????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,???????,??????????????,???????????????[23]
2018??????,????«?????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????[24]????????????,?:???;??????????????????,?????????????;?????,???????????????????????;??????????;???????????????(???????);??
??????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,????????????????????????????????
(?)????????
1. ????????????
2022???,??????????????«??»,?2025??????????????320????????????????????????(GW)????2030???????????????????????600???????????[25]????????????,??????
????????,???:?????????????????????????????,??????;???????????????????;???????????????????,??????????;??????????????
2. ???????
?????????????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?????,??;?????????,??????????????????;?????;?????????;?????????????
2024????,???????????????????«??»,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????(??????????????)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,??????
???,?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,????????????
?????????????????????????????:? - ????????????????????????
(?????????????)???:???????????????????????????
??????????????????????????2006?????????????,?????????????????????????????????«??????»«?»«????????»???????????????,???????????,????????,??
?????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????,???????????2020?2???????????????????????????????2026????????????????????12??31??,?7230?????????????,???3380???????????????????,3850???????????,??????????????????37%????????2024?????????4???????,?????879????????????????,?????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
????(CEF)??«??»??,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????2021-2027?????????,??????????????????????59.4???????[27]
?????????????????????????,????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????[28]??????????????2023?,?????????2021-2022?????????????????2273.5?????????
(??????????????????????)??????:????
????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,?!
??????????????????,?????????????????,?????,?????,??????,???????????????????[29]
?????????????8???20?????????,???????????????????????????,??????,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????,??,?,??????,???????????????????????????????????????,??[30]
??,??2035????????????????????????,????,?????????????????????????????(???????)??????????,?????????,???????????????[31]
2024???8???9?????,??????????(WT/DS626?????),[32]?????????????????????????????«???????????????»????6?«??????????????»???1?????????????????????2??????????????????????????????10???????????????????17???????????????19???????22?????????32???????,???????????,???????
(???????????????)?????:?????????????????????????????????
?,?????????????????????????,?????«?»«??»«???»??????,????,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,???
??????????,???????????,????????????????????,??????????????,??,????????????????
???1957??????«?????»?????????????????????????????,?????«????????»???????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????
?,2018??????2024????????????????8?,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362????????(?320???????),????68?(??????????????????????21%),????????61???????(?17%)?[33]??????,????????????????,??????????????
?????????????????|????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????
??
[1]??:
[2]???«?????????????»??298??51??52????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???:???????????????????????????????,2024???????????????????4??
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?:
[30]?????????????????????:
[31]
[32]????(WT/DS626?????):
[33] ??????????:????