????:1???????:??????????

2?????????

3???????????

4?????

5??????????

???????????????????9?????????4????????????????? ??4??,?,????2023????????????????????????0.1%?????,????????????0.2%?

???,????????????????????,???

???,2025??????????2026?????0.5%,???????????????????1.1%??????????????;??????2026??1.1%?

???????????????(Stefan Kooths)?????????????????,?,?????,??????????????

“???????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????????”????????(Moritz Schularick)????????????,?,???????????????????????????????????,????????,????????????????“????,????????”(???????????????????) ?????????:?????????????????