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3?95?98?????
4?????
5??????
????????????? ????????
2024??8?????20?????,???(AS689)???,[1]???????????17%-36.3%????????(?9%)????????????2023?9?????13??????,????????????????,??????????????2023???10?????????????4??????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????
??????,???,??????????,??????????(???????????????????????????????)???????,????????????«???»??????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????2019?????????????????????«?????»???,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????2020??????,?????«????»,????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????,??????????,???????????
???????????????????????,????????????????????????????
????
(?)???????,?????????????????
1. ???????????
?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1951????????????????????????,???(??????????????????????????????????????????????????)???«??????»,??????????????????????????????(ECSC),???,???????????,?????????????????????????????????????????
1957??????,???????????????????????«??????»?????«????????????????»??????????????????????????????(Euratom),??(?????????????),?????????????????,??,??????????????????????????????????????(EEC),??????????,??????????,????????????????????????92???????????????????????????????94????????????????(state aid),???????????????[2]
2. ??????
1965????,?????????«???»,???????????????????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????????????«??????????????????»???????????
1974?????,??????????????«??????1985?»,??1985??????????????50%,??,????????[3]
????????,???????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,??????,????????????
(????)???????
1980?,??«???1990?????????????????????»,???,???????????????[4]???????1974??
1986?????????,??????«???»,[5]??????????????????,???????????????,???????????
??????,?,???????,??????
???????????????????????
1992?,???????????????????«??»(??????«?????????????????????»),???????????????????????????????????????(EU),?????????????????????????????????(EEC)???????????(EC),??«???»???????????????????«????????????????»??????????????
??????«?????????????????????»????????,?????????????????????????????,«???»??????130?????????,??????????????????????????????????????
???????,?????????????????,????????????????
(???????)????????????
1995?????,???«???»???,???????????????????????????????????????,?????[6]
1997??,????«??????????????:????????????????????????????»???????,[7]???????????????,???????,??????????????????????
2000??????????????????????????????,?????????????«???»???,???????????,?????????????????????????????[8]
??????,???????????????,?????????
(?????????????????????)???????????????
?????????????????????????,?2006?????«???????????????????????????????????????????»????????????????,?????????????????,??,????????????,???????[9]
2007??,????????????????????????«??»,?«??????????»??????«??????????????????»,???????«???????»???«??????»???,«?????»????????88??????4????,?????,???????«????????????»??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????[10]
2010?,????«???????2020?????»,????????????,????????????????????????[11]
2011?,?????????«2050??????????????????????????????»,?2020???????????????,?????????????????,???(???????????????????????????????)????????????,???[12]
?,???,???
??????????????????????????????
??????????«?»???????????????107??????,???????????????,?????????????????????(?????????????????????),????????????????
???????????:???,????????????????,??????????,??????????????????????;?????,??????
?2023??????7?????????????????????????????WTO?????,[13]?????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????,????2021-2022?2273.5????????
???????????????,????????????????????,???,????
(????????????????????????)??????????????????????????????????
1. ???????????????????????
2014?????,??????«2030??????????????»,?????????????????2030??????????????????????????,??????????????,?????,?????????????????2030?27%,??????????????????????????????[14]
2015???,??«?????????????????»,?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?,????[15]
2018?????,?«???????????????»,????????????2030??32%,??????????????????[16]
?????????????,????«?????????????????????????»,?2050????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,?????,?????????[17]
2. ?????????????????«?»??????????«??»???????????????????????
2019??????????????????????,????????????«???????»,??????,?,???????2030????1990????55%???????????2050????????????????????????????????????
?,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,«?????»?????????:???;?????????????;??,?????????????,???????????,??????????????,??[18]
2020???????????????????3????????????????????,??«????????????»,????????????????????????:?;??????????????????????????;????????????????????????????????2021??5?????????[19]?????????????,?????????,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,???,????(IPCEI)???????,?????????????????????????
2022?,??,????????????????????????,??REPowerEU????????????,????????????????????????????,???????,???????2030????????????????45%,?????[20]
3. ???
2023?????????????????????,???????????«??????????????????????»,????????????????????«??????????»,??????,???????????????????[21]
2024??????????????????????????,??????????«???????»????????????????????????«???»?????«???»??
«?»????[22]???????????????????????????;????????2030?,?40%;????????????(NZSPs),???,??????????;??«?????»???????,??????????????????????????????????????
«????????????»?,???????????????2030???????????????????,?????,?????????????-?????????,??????????????????????
(?????)???????????????????????
1. ???????
2018?????,???????«?????????????:??????????????????????????????????»,????????????????????????????,??????????,?,????(electro-mobility,?????????????????)?
???????????(CEF),?????,?????????????????????????,??????,??,??????
2. ????????
2017????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,?????????,????????,??[23]
2018???????,?«?»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????[24]???????????????,?????????:???????????????????????????????????;???????,????????????????;???,???????????????;????;?????(???????????);?????????????????????
??????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,??????????
(??)????????????????????
1. ??
2022?????,??«?????»,????2025??????????????320??????(GW)???????????????????2030???????????600??????[25]???,??
????????,?:??????????????????,????????????;????????????;??????????????????,????;??????????????????
2. ?????????????????????????????
???,???????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??????????????????????;?????????????,?????????????;???????;?;?????????????????????
2024?,?????????????«???????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,??(????????????????)?????????????????????????????????????,???,??????????????????
?,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??
????????????????:?????????? - ????????????????????
(??????????????)??????????:??????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????2006??????????,???????????????????????????????????????«???????????»«???»«?»??,????,??????????,????????
??????????????,?????????????????????,???,????????????2020??2??????????????2026???????????????????????????????12?31????????????????????????,?????7230??,??????????????????3380?????????????,3850???????????????????,???37%????????2024??????4????????????,???879????????,???????????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
???????(CEF)?????????«???»??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????2021-2027????,?????59.4????????????????[27]
?????????????????,????????????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????[28]?????????????????????????????????????????????2023????????????,?????2021-2022??????????2273.5????????
(??)???????:???????????????
???????????,???,??????????????????????????!
??????????????????????????,??????,????,???????????,????????,????????[29]
?????????8????20?????,?????????,??????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,???,????????????????????,????????????????????,???[30]
?,????????2035?????????????????????,??????,??????????(????????????)?????????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????[31]
2024?????????8???????????????9?,???????????????(WT/DS626??????????),[32]????????????????????????????????«????????»?6??«????????????»?????????????1??????2????????10??????17????????19???????????????????????22??????????????32???????????,???,??????????
(??????)?????????????????:??????????????????????
????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????«????????????»«???»«???????»???,????????????????????????????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????,??
??????????????,??,??????????,??,??????????????,????????????????
????1957?????«?»?????????????,?«???????»????????????????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????
??,2018?????????????????????????????2024?????8????????????????????,???????????,????????????????????????????????????????????362???????????????(???????320??????????????????????),????????????68?????(????????21%),??????????????61?(??????????????????17%)?[33]??????????,???????????????????,????????????????
??|???????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????
????
[1]???????:
[2]????????«????????????????»??????????????????298???51???52?????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???:??,2024????4??????????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]???????????:
[30]??????????????????:
[31]
[32]????????????????????(WT/DS626?):
[33] ???:????????????????????????