????:2024-08-23 21:57:48 ??:????
????:????????:???????
???????? ???????
2024???????????????8???????????????????20?????????,???????(AS689)?????????,[1]???17%-36.3%?(?9%)????????2023????????????9?????????13????????,?????????????,???????????2023??????10?????????????4?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????
???????????,?????,????,?????????????????????????(??????????????????)????????,??????????????????????????????«????»???????,????????????????2019?«?»??????????????????????????????,????????????????????,???????????????????2020?,?????«????????????????????????»,???????????????,???????????????????????????,?,????????,???????????
??????????????????????????,???????
????????????????????
(?????????????)???????,?????????????
1. ????????
??????,??????????????1951??,???????????????(????????????????????????????????)????????????«???????»,???????????????????????????????????(ECSC),??????,??,???????????????????????????????????
1957?,?????????«??????»???????????????????????«???»??????????????(Euratom),??????????????????(??????????????????????????),???????????????????????????????,?,?????????????????????????(EEC),???????????,???????????????????????,???????92????94??????(state aid),????[2]
2. ??????????
1965?????,?????????????????????«????????????????????»,?????,??????????????????????,???????????????,?«??»?????
1974????,??????«??1985??»,?????????1985?????50%,???,????[3]
?????????????,????,??????,??????????????????????,?,??
(??????????????????????)???????
1980??????,??????????????????«????????1990??????????»,???????????????????????????,???????[4]??1974????
1986??????????????????,????????????«???????????????????»,[5]????????,????,????????
????????????????,????????????????,??????,????????
??????????
1992????????,????????????????????????«??????????»(???????????????«???????»),??????????????????(EU),??????????????????????(EEC)????????(EC),???«?»??????????«?????????»???????
???????????????????«???»????,????????????????,«?????»?130??????????????????????,????????
???,??,??????????????????????????????????
(????????????)?????????
1995?????,???«?????????????????»??,??????????,?????????????????[6]
1997????????,????«???:???????????????????????????»?????,[7]???,??????,??????????????????????????????????????????
2000???,?????????«?????????????»??????,??,?????????????[8]
????????????????????,???,???
(??????????)????
????????,???????????????2006???????«??????????????????????????????????????????????»?,???????????????,?????????????,??,?????????????[9]
2007????,??????????«??»,??????«???????????»?????????????«??????»,??????????????????????«?»?????«??????????????????»??,«??????????????»???88??????????4??,?????,??????????????????«?»??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????[10]
2010??????????????,??«???????????2020????????»,???????????????,????????????[11]
2011????????????????????????,?«2050??????»,???2020???,???,???????(????????????????????????)???????????????????????????????????,??????[12]
?,???,????????????????
??????????????????????????????
??«??????????????»?????107??????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????(???????????),???????
?????????????????????????:?,?????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????;???,???????
???????????????2023?????????7??WTO????,[13]????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,????????????????????2021-2022?????2273.5???????
???????????????????????,???????????????????????????,??????,??????
(???)?????????????????????????
1. ?????????????????????????
2014??????,????????«2030???????»,?2030?????????????,????,???????,???????????2030???27%,??????[14]
2015????????????????????????????????,?????????????«???»,?????,????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????,???,?????????????[15]
2018???????????????????,?????«???????????»,??2030??32%,???????[16]
?,???????????«??????????????????»,??????????2050?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????,????????????[17]
2. ??????«????????????????»???????«????????»????????????????????
2019?,??????????????????????«????»,????????????,???,????????????????????????????2030???1990?55%???????2050??????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,«?????????»???????:????;????????????????????????;???????????????????,??,???????????????,?????????????????,????[18]
2020????????????????????????3????,????????????????????????«???»,??????????:??;?????????????????????????;??????????????????2021?????5?????[19]???,???????????????????????????,???????,??????,?,??????(IPCEI)???????????????,????????
2022????????????????????,???,????????????????????????????????????????????????,???REPowerEU??????,???????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????2030????????45%,??????[20]
3. ???????????????????????????
2023?????????????????,??????«???»,?????????????????????????????«?????????????????????»,?,??????????????????[21]
2024?????????????????????,???«?????????»?«?»????????«??????????????»?????????
«???»??????????[22]???????;?????????????2030????????????,??????????40%;?????????????????????????????(NZSPs),?????,????????;??????«????????????»????????,????????????????????
«?????????»????????????????,??2030???????,????????????????????,???????-???????????????????????????,???????????????????
(???)????????????????????
1. ???
2018??????????????,????????????????????«???????????????:??????????????????????????????????????????»,?????,????,??????????,??????????????(electro-mobility,????????????????????????)?
???????????????????????????(CEF),?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????,???????????????,??????????????????????
2. ??????????????
2017???????????????,????????????????????????????????????,???,?,??????????????????????????,????[23]
2018??????????????????????????????,?????«?????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????[24]???,?:?;????,?????????;?????????,???????????;??????????????????;???????(??????????);???
???????,????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????
(???)???????
1. ????????????????????
2022???????????????????????????????,???????«???????????????»,??????????2025?320????(GW)?????????????????????2030???????600????????????????????????????????[25]?,??????????????????
???????????????????,???????:?????????????????????????????,????????;??;????????,?;?????????????????
2. ???????????????
?????????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????,??????;??????????????????,??;?;???????????????;???????????
2024????????????????,?????????????????????????«?????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????(????)??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,??
?????????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,???
???????????????????????:???? - ???????????????????????????????????
(?????????????)???????????????????:??????????????????????????????????????
?????2006??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????«???»«?»«???????»????????,???,???????????????,????????
?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,???2020??2???????????????????????????2026?????12??????????????31????????????????????????,??????????7230???,????????????????????????3380????,3850?????????????,??????????????37%??????????2024??????????4??????????,???879??,??????????????????????25.7%?[26]
?(CEF)?«??????????»?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????2021-2027???,?????????????????59.4??????????????[27]
??????????????,?:???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????[28]?????????????????????????????????????2023???????????,?????????????????2021-2022?????????????????????????????2273.5???????????????
(?????????????)??:????????????????????????
???????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????????!
???,????????????????????????,?,??????????????,?????????????????,???????????[29]
??????8???????????????20?????????????????????,??,?,?????????????????????????????,?????,????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,???,????????????,??????????,???????????????[30]
????,???????????2035??????????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????(??????????????)???????????????,??,?????????????????[31]
2024????????????????8?????9?????????,??????????????????????????????(WT/DS626???????????????),[32]??????????????????????????????«??????»?6???????«?»???1?????2????????????????????????????10??17???????????????????????????19??????????????????22??32????,?????????,??
(?)????????:??????????????????????????
???????,?????????????????,???????????????«?»«?»«????????»?,???????????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????
???????????????,?,?????,???,???????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????
?1957?«??????????????????????»???????????????????????,????????????«?????????????»??????????????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????
??????????????,2018???2024??????8?????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362???????????(???320?),??????????????68?????????????????????????????????????(????21%),????????????61?????????????(??17%)?[33]?????????,????????????,?????????????????????????????
??????|??? ?? ??
?????
[1]???????:
[2]??«????????????»?298?????????????????????51??????52??
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]?:??????????????,2024?4?????????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]???????????????:
[30]????????:
[31]
[32]????????????????(WT/DS626?????):
[33] ?????????????:????
????