????????????“???”??????

????:????????:???????

???????? ???????

2024???????????????8???????????????????20?????????,???????(AS689)?????????,[1]???17%-36.3%?(?9%)????????2023????????????9?????????13???“??”???,?????????????,???????????2023??????10?????????????4?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????“????????????????????????”??????????,??????????

???????????,?????,????,??????????????“???????????”(??????????????????)????????,??????????????????????????????«????»???????,????“??”??????????2019?«?»??????????????????????????????,????????????????????,???????????“??”??????2020?,?????«????????????????????????»,???????????????,???????????“??????????”??????,?,????????,???????????

??????????“?????”???????????,???????

????????????????????

(?????????????)???????,?????????????

1. ????????

??????,??????????????1951??,???????????????(????????????????????????????????)????????????«???????»,????????????????????“???????????????”(ECSC),??????,??,???????????????????????????????????

1957?,?????????«??????»???????????????????????«???»????????“??????”(Euratom),??????????????????(??????????????????????????),???????????????????????????????,?,?????????????????????“????”(EEC),???????????,???????????????????????,???????92????94??????(state aid),????[2]

2. ??????????

1965?????,?????????????????????«????????????????????»,?????,??????????????????????,???????????????,?«??»?????

1974????,??????«??1985??»,?????????1985?????50%,???,????[3]

?????????????,????,??????,??????????????????????,?,??

(??????????????????????)???????

1980??????,??????????????????«????????1990??????????»,???????????????????????????,???????[4]??1974????

1986??????????????????,????????????«???????????????????»,[5]????????,????,????????

????????????????,????????????????,??????,????????

??????????

1992????????,????????????????????????«??????????»(???????????????«???????»),?????????“?????????”(EU),????????????“??????????”(EEC)???“?????”(EC),???«?»??????????«?????????»???????

???????????????????«???»????,????????????????,«?????»?130??????????????????????,????????

???,??,??????????????“?????????????????”???

(????????????)?????????

1995?????,???«?????????????????»??,??????????,?????????????????[6]

1997????????,????«???:???????????????????????????»?????,[7]???,??????,??????????????????????????????????????????

2000???,?????????«?????????????»??????,??,?????????????[8]

????????????????????,???,???

(??????????)????

????????,???????????????2006???????«??????????????????????????????????????????????»?,???????????????,?????????????,??,?????????????[9]

2007????,??????????«??»,??????«???????????»?????????????«??????»,??????????????????????«?»?????«??????????????????»??,«??????????????»???88??????????4??,?????,??????????????????«?»??“??????????????????????”??,??????????????????????????????[10]

2010??????????????,??«???????????2020????????»,???????????????,????????????[11]

2011????????????????????????,?«2050??????»,???2020???,???,???????(????????????????????????)???????????????????????????????????,??????[12]

?,???,????????????????

?????“???????????????????????”??

??«??????????????»?????107??????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????(???????????),???????

?????????“??????????”??????:?,?????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????;???,???????

???????????????2023?????????7??WTO????,[13]????????????????????????????,???“?????????????????????”???????“??????”?????,???????????????????????????????????,????????????????????2021-2022?????2273.5???????

???????????????????????,??????????“?????????”????????,??????,??????

(???)????????“??????????”???????

1. ????????“??”???????????????

2014??????,????????«2030???????»,?2030?????????????,????,???????,???????????2030???27%,??????[14]

2015????????????????????????????????,?????????????«???»,??“???”,????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????“???????????”???,???,?????????????[15]

2018???????????????????,?????«???????????»,??2030??32%,???????[16]

?,???????????«??????????????????»,??????????2050?“???????????”?????????,???????“?????????????????????????????????”?,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????,????????????[17]

2. ??????«????????????????»???????«????????»?“??????????????”?????

2019?,??????????????????????«????»,????????????,???,????????????????????????????2030???1990?55%???????2050?“?????????????”????????????????????????

?????????????????,????“??????”????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,??“?????????”????????????????????????????????,«?????????»???????:????;????????????????????????;???????????????????,??,???????????????,?????????????????,????[18]

2020????????????????????????3????,????????????????????????«???»,??????????:??;?????????????????????“????”;??????????????????2021?????5?????[19]???,???????????????????????????,???????,??????,?,?“?????”(IPCEI)???????????????,????????

2022????????????????????,???,????????????????????????????????????????????????,???“REPowerEU”??????,???????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????2030????????45%,??????[20]

3. ???????????????????????????

2023?????????????????,??????«???»,?????????????????????????????«?????????????????????»,?,??“?????????????”???[21]

2024?????????????????????,???«?????????»?«?»????????«??????????????»?????????

«???»??????????[22]?“?????”?;?????????????2030????????????,??????????40%;????????????????????“?????????”(NZSPs),?????,????????;??????«????????????»????????,????????????????????

«?????????»????????????????,??2030???????,????????????????????,???????-???????????????????????????,????????“?”??????????

(???)????????????????????

1. ???

2018??????????????,????????????????????«???????????????:??????????????????????????????????????????»,?????,????,??????????,?????“?????????”(electro-mobility,????????????????????????)?

????????????“???????????????”(CEF),?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????,???????????????,??????????????????????

2. ??????????????

2017???????????????,????????????“????????????????????????”,???,?,??????????????????????????,????[23]

2018??????????????????????????????,?????«?????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????[24]???,?:?;????,?????????;?????????,???????????;??????????????????;???????(??????????);???

???????,????,??????????????????????“?????????????????”?????????????“??”???????????????,????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????

(???)???????

1. ????????????????????

2022???????????????????????????????,???????«???????????????»,??????????2025?320????(GW)?????????????????????2030???????600????????????????????????????????[25]?,??????????????????

???????????????????,???????:???????????????????????“??????”,????????;??;????????,?;?????????????????

2. ???????????????

?????????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????,??????;??????????????????,??;?;???????????????;???????????

2024????????????????,?????????????????????????«?????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????(????)??????????????????????????????????????“??????????????????”??????,??????,??

?????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????“?”??????????????????????“????”????????,????,???

???????????????????????:???? - ???????????????????????????????????

(?????????????)???????????????????:????????“??????????????”????????????????

?????2006??,?????????“?????”??????????????????????????????????????«???»«?»«???????»????????,???,??????????“??”???,????????

?,“???????”??????????????“?????????????????????”???????????????,??????????????,???2020??2???????????????????????????2026?????12??????????????31????????????????????????,??????????7230???,????????????????????????3380????,3850?????????????,??????????????37%??????????2024??????????4??????????,???879??,???“??”?????????????????25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)?«??????????»?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????2021-2027???,?????????????????59.4??????????????[27]

“??”????????????,?:“????????????????”“?????????????????”??????????????“??”?“??????????????”???,“???????????”???“??????????????????????????????????????”???????????,“??????????????”??[28]“?????”????????????????????????????????2023???????????,?????????????????2021-2022?????????????????????????????2273.5???????????????

(?????????????)??:????????????????????????

?????“?????????”?????,?“??????????????”??????,????????????????????????!

???,????????????????????????,?,??????????????,?????????????????,???????????[29]

??????8???????????????20?????????????????????,??,?,?“??????????????????????”??????,?????,???????“???”???“???????????”????????????????????,?????,???,????????????,???????“???”,???????????????[30]

????,???????????2035??????????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????(??????????????)???????????????,??,?????????????????[31]

2024????????????????8?????9?????????,??????????????????????????????(WT/DS626???????????????),[32]??????????????????????????????«??????»?6???????«?»???1?????2????????????????????????????10??17???????????????????????????19??????????????????22??32????,?????????,??

(?)????????:????????“????????”??????????

???????,?????????????????,???????????????«?»«?»«????????»?,??????????????????“??”???????????,??????????,??????????????????????????“?”????????????????????????????????????????,????????

???????????????,?,?????,???,???????????????????,????????????????????“????????”????????????

?1957?«??????????????????????»????“???????????”????????,????????????«?????????????»??????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????????“???????”??????

??????????????,2018???2024??????8?????,?????“??”???,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362???????????(???320?),??????????????68?????????????????????????????????????(????21%),????????????61?????????????(??17%)?[33]?????????,????????????,?????????????????“?????”???????

??????|??? ?? ??

?????

[1]???????:

[2]??«????????????»?298?????????????????????51??????52??

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?:??????????????,2024?4?????????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]???????????????:

[30]????????:

[31]

[32]????????????????(WT/DS626?????):

[33] ?????????????:????