????:1????????????:??????

2???????????

3????????????

4???????

5????????,??

?????75??????????????75???????????,????????????????,????????????,???,???,???????,?????????????

??????????,??,??????????????????,2023??223????????????????GDP???89?????????????????????43.6????????????……???75????,“????????????”???????????????????75????????????,???????????????“????????”??????,???????????????????????,????????

??????????????? ????

???7.9%

??

??????????????,????????????,???????????,????????????,???1952????????????679??,??1978??3679???;?????,??????????,1986????????1??????????????????????????????,2000????????10?????????,2006????????20????????????,???12???????????????????????10?????,2020??????100????????????????,2023????126???,??????,2023????????1952???????????223???,????????7.9%;?,19792023??8.9%,???????????????????3.0%???

???????????????????????GDP?????8.9???????????????????

??????????

1952?????,????????????????????GDP?119???????????,?,??GDP??????2019?????,??GDP????????????70078???????,??10158???,?1????;2023???????89358???????,??????????1952?????????????????89???,?6.5%,????????????????12681????,??????????3????1.2?????????????,2023??????????(GNI)??????????1.34???,??

????????????

???

????????,?,???????1952??,??????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%??????????????,?????????????????????????,??

?,?,????????,?????????,???????2023??????,????????????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%??,??????9???1.3?????????????,????,???,?????????????,????,????????????“???????+”????????????????

“????”??????????????22.4????????????

???????

?,?????????,?????????,??????????,???????

20132023???,??????????????????8.7%?10.3%,?,??????????????????5G?,“???????”??,??????????????

?????2023??,????????421???????????????;???????????,?????????????????????

??????????????????,????????????????,“?????????”??2023???,????????????????“???????”???????22.4??????????????????,???????GDP????????17.73%?

????

????????

1949?????????2.2???,???8.1???,??????????75???????,??,???????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????????

2023??,???????????15.9???,???????????1949????????????6??????,????4.5?,???2/3?;???544??,??66??????,??18.4??????,???;????????12.8??,????????74.1%;???????876?????????????????????????????????,2023?1.7??????,?????????2016??10???,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????

?3.92?????

????????

1949??????????????????????49.7???1978??????????,???????171????????????,???151?????????,???????????,???????????????,?????????????????,????????,???????2023????,?39218?,?????????1949?76??,?6.0%;??26796?,???1956??????????36???,??5.5%?

??????????,?????????????????????,????2023??????????,????29.8%,????????????????1978??????????????34.1?????????;?45.2%,??????2013?????5.5??????????????,??????????,????????2023??????,????49.7????,?????????145.9?????????,??2013?????????2.9???????2.1???

????

??

??,??????????????????????????????????????,??

????????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????,??????????,?,?????

2023??,??????10.66????????????,??????????1989????10.09????;????????????2.44???3.02????,????1994??1.64??????????2.84?????????????,?????????????,?,?????

9899????

??

????,???????????????????????????20??5070????????,??,?????????,?“?????”?,???????????????,???????????????

?,?,?????????????8????,?2020??????????????????9899?,832??????????????,12.8?????????????????????,???????????,????,??10??«?????????????2030???»????????????,??????????????,??

???????????????60%

????

?????,?????????????????????,???????????,??????

2023???????????????????,???????????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;?????????????????1.6????4542?????????????,????1949??????????6.4??????103???????,??????????(OECD)???????????

??????????????,?,???2023????,????????60%,?;????????1982?????????8????????????11.05????,?????????????

??

?????

1950??????,?11.3?????,?1978????206?????????????,??????????,2001?????????????,??????????????,???????????

??????????????????????????,?????????????,???,???????1978???????????1%????2023??12.4%,?????????7????????“????????”???????????,??????????150??????30?????230?????“????????????????????”??????????????,???????25??200???????????,?“????????????”?

??????????????????????????

????

?,????????,????,???????????,??????????1999??????????,????????????2012????????,?????????,??4.9,???????1952?????????8.1?

?????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????20132023????????????????,???????????????????????????????6.9%?7.1%,???????????????????????????????2023????????,?????????????????????????????????????????46.7%?24.4%,??????????????2012???????2.9???0.9????????????

?46.3??

??????????

??,??????????,?????????????1956??????????“?????????”????????????,???????,????,???????????,???

??????????,?,??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????“??????”,???????????,?????????11????????,?,???????????2023??????????,?????????????????????,??46.3?????????????

????66%

?

?,??????1949?10.64%,1978?17.92%??,??????????,???2023?,??????????????9.3??,????1978?7.6??;???????66.16%,????48.24???

?,?,??????????????????????????,???????2023????,???48.3%,?????2015???8.4??????????,??????????,????????????,???????????????2012??????????2.88:1?2023????2.39:1?2023?,??????????12.4:1,???2013??????1.4?2023???????460??????,?99%???????????,???????14.4??????????????????

????????3246?????????????6833??????????????????

?????????

1949???,?????????????,???????????,??,??????2023?????????????????????????????,??3246?????????6833???????????,??1949??????????59??????325???;???119????????(??????????)?

???????????????????????,????,??????????,???,????????2022????,???????4.46%,?????????????2013???0.77?;?2012????????888??????????2023????????1622???

???78.6??????????

?????

??????????,?,??????75?,???????????????????????????,?????????,??????????2023?????????,??????????????107?????????????????,?????????????1017??????????,??1249???????????

?,?????????,????,?????2023?????,???13.34?????,????????2018??????95%????2023?,????78.6?????????,?1949????????????43.6?????????????,????????????????

?24.02%

??

20??50?,??????????,???????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????“????????????”?????????2022????????????,?????????????9014???,???????????20?80??????????25??????????30?????????????;?????????????18%,???????????????????

???????,“??”??????????????24.02%?2023????????????????????????,?????(PM2.5)??????????2016????????28.6%,????????????????????21.6????,???????????????????,???“??????”?????????“?”,????????????(???) ????:???????????