????:1????????spa:????????

2??????

3?400?????????

4?????????????

5????????

???11???????????????????????????22???????????(???????)11????????????????????????21?????????????????,“??????????19491999”???????????????????????????????,????7??“????????”?????????????

???????????7?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????7????,??????????????????75?????

?,?,??“??????”?????????????????????,“??,??????”,?????“??”???????????????????????,???????????????????????????

?????,??

“??”???,???????????????

??????????????“???????????”???,??????1949??“????”?????,1952?????0.55?1.8???,???720??????,?70???????????,??????????????

???????,??????1988????????????“?????????”??,??????????,10?????????????????

“?,???????????????,????????????”??????????,????,????????

?????????????????????????????

????????????????????,?????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????

???????,??????????????????,???,?????

“????????,??,?????????”????,“?,???????????????”

2011?????????,“??????????????”??????????«???????»,???????

9?????23?,????????????????????????? ??????????????????????

?,???????

“???????????,?????????????????????????”????????,?????????????????

????????????????20?????????80????????????????????,??,????????????????????????,?“??”????

“???????,?????????”???????????????????????,??,?????

?????????????,1982??;1983?????????«????????»???????????????;???

???,????????????????12??????20????(????????????????????????)

????????????????:??????????????