?? ?????75?????(????????)
????:1??????:???????????
2?168?????
3????????????
4???????
5?????????
?????????????75???75????????????,??????????,??????????????????????????,?,?????,?????????????,???????????????
??,????????,?????,2023?????223???????????GDP??????????89??????????43.6???????????????????????……??75???????????,“??????”?????????75???,????????????“?”?,????????????,????????????
????????????? ????
???????7.9%
??????????
???????????????,????,???????????????????,??,????1952??679??????,?????1978??????????3679???????;??,??????????,1986????????????1???????????????????,2000??????10???????????????????,2006???????????????????20????,??12??10?,2020???????100???,2023??126????????????????,??????????,2023????1952??????????223??????????????,???7.9%;???????,19792023?????????8.9%,??3.0%???????
?GDP?????8.9????????????
???
1952?????????,???????GDP????????119?????,??????????????????????????????,??GDP??????2019??????????????????????,?????????GDP????????70078??,????????10158????,????????????1????????????;2023???89358????????,????1952????????????????????89???????????????????,??????????6.5%,??????????12681?,??????????3????????????1.2??????????????,2023????????(GNI)?1.34??????,??????
??
?
???,???,????????????1952??,???????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%???????????????,???????????????,?????
????????,??????,?,???????????????????????,??????2023?????????,?????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%?????????,??????????????9???????????1.3?????????,?????,???????????????,?????????????,??????????,?????“?+”??????????
“??????????”???22.4???
?????????
??????????,?????????,??????????,????????????,?????
20132023?????????,???????8.7%?10.3%,????????,??????????5G??????????????????,“??????”?????????,????????????????????????
???????????????????2023????,?421??????;????????????????????????,???????????
????????,??????????????????????????????,“????”?????????2023??????????,??“??????”???22.4???????,????????????GDP?????17.73%?
????
???
1949???????????????????????????2.2?????,??????????????8.1?????????,?????75????????????????,?,???????????????????,????????????????,?????????????
2023??????????,????15.9??,?1949?6??????????,???????????????????????4.5?????????,?2/3????;?????????????????544?,?66?????????????,????????????????18.4???????????,??????;?????????????12.8??,??????????????????????????74.1%;??876??????????????????,2023???1.7??????????????????,????????????????????2016?10??,?????,???????????????????????????????
??????????3.92??????????????
???????????
1949???????49.7??1978??????????,???171?,?151?,???????????????????????,???????????,??????????,?????????????????????,????2023??????????,????????????39218??,?1949???????76????????????,??6.0%;??????????26796???,?1956????????36??,?????????5.5%?
??????????,??????????????????????????????????,???2023????????,????29.8%,????1978???????????34.1???;?????????45.2%,????????2013???5.5????????????,??,????????????????????????2023?,??????????49.7???????,????????145.9??????,?2013?????????2.9??2.1??????
?????????
??????????????????????????
?????????,??????????????????????,???????????????
????????,???????????????????????????,?????????????,???????,???????,???????????????????,??
2023?,????10.66??,?1989??????????????????10.09???;??????2.44???3.02????,???1994??1.64???????????????????2.84???????,????????????,????,??????
9899???????????????
???
????????,??????????????????????20?5070?,????????????,????,????????“????”????,?????????????,???
??????????,????????????,?????????????8?,??2020?9899??????????????,832?,12.8??,????????????????,?????????????,??10???????????????????????«?????2030??????????????»??????????,?,??
?60%
????
??????????????????,???????????????,????????????,??????
2023???????,????????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????????????1.6???4542??????,??1949?????????6.4????????103???????????,????????????????(OECD)????
????????,?,?????????????????2023??????????,?60%,???????;??????????????????????????1982????8??????????????11.05???????,???????????????
????????????
????????????
1950???????????????,????????11.3?,???1978???206??????????????,????,2001?,????????????????,??
?????,????????????,??,????????????????????????????1978???????1%???????????2023??12.4%,???7???????“??????????”???,??150?????30???????????230?“???”?,????25???200???????????,?“????”?
?
?????
??????????,???,????,?????????????????????,???????????1999?????????????,?????????????????????????????2012???,??????????????,??????4.9,???????????1952?????????????8.1?
?,???????????????????????????????????????????,???????????20132023?????????????,?????????????6.9%?7.1%,????????????2023???,????????????46.7%?24.4%,??2012????????2.9???????????0.9?????????????
?46.3???????????
????????????
??,???,????????????1956????????“???”?,?????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????,????
?????????,?????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????“?”,????????????????,????????11???????,??????????????,??????????????????????2023????,?,?46.3???????????
?66%
???
??????????,??1949??10.64%,1978????????17.92%??,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????2023?,????????????9.3??,??????????1978??????????7.6??;??????66.16%,???48.24??????????
??,?????,????,??????????????????2023??????????,????????????48.3%,????????2015?????????8.4??????????????,?,?,??????????????????2012??????????2.88:1???2023?????2.39:1?2023??????????,??????????12.4:1,??2013?1.4?2023??????????460??,??99%??,????????14.4?????
?????????3246??????????6833??????????????
????????
1949????,????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????,???2023??,??3246?????????????????????6833???????,?1949????????59??????325??????????;???????119?????????????(???)?
?,?????????,??,????????????,??????????????2022??,??????????4.46%,?2013???0.77???????????;??????????2012???888?2023?1622??
?78.6?
?
???????????,???????,?????75?????,?????,?????????????,??2023????,??107?????????,????????1017?,????????1249???????
???????????????,????,??????????,???2023??,????13.34?,????????2018?????95%????????2023?,??????????????78.6???,?????1949???????????????????43.6????,???
???????????????????24.02%
???????????
20????50?????????????,????????????,?????????????????,?????,????“?????”????????????2022?????????,?9014??????????,????20???????80????25???30????????????;??18%,???
???,“??????”???????????????????????24.02%?2023??,???????(PM2.5)????????2016???????28.6%,??????????????????????21.6???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,????????“??”??“??”,?????????????????(?) ???:??????????????????