????:1???????:??????????

2?????????

3??????????

4?????????????

5??????????

??

2024???????9?????????????????19?????????????9?????14??,?59??????60???,?????????????????,????

??????????????????1994???,“???????”??

????????????

??????????????????????59????????????????60??,????:???????????????,??

??????????????????????????,????????2020?????????6??23?,?????55?,??????????????????56??58???????,???????????59???????60???????????????????????,????,????????????5?,?,??,?????????,??

??????,?????????“?”???????????????????????,??????3??????????:?????????(GPS)????(GLONASS)???(Galileo)??????GPS??????????,?????,?????????????,??

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????,????????,????

??????????????????20??????,???,????:2000?,??,????????,???;2012??????????,??????????????,????????;2020?,?,????????

??????

?????????????????????,?????????????

??:???????????????????,??????????????,??????,????“????????????”????????

????????,?????????????3?????????????????????,????????????,??????????,????

??????????:??????????A????????????5????????????A???5??????????????????,??????,?????????

?????????????:?B?12?????????????????????????B???????????????????12??,?????????????A????????,??????????????????????

????????????:????C????????????9??????,???????

???????????????,?????????“?????,???????????”?????????????,????A??????10??????????????,????80????A?70??????,??????????????????70???????(299792458??????/??????????????????????),????“??????A?”????20985472???????

?????????,????????,?????????????,??????????????,???????,????

????????????????????????,?????30????????????????????,?????????:?????????,????????????????,???????????,????????????????????(??????????),???????????,????????????

??????????,???,?4??,???????????????????????????????????????GPS??“???????4???”“??6??”???????,??????????????????4??????????

3??????????????

??????4??,????,?,??????????35????????????????59????????????????????????????????60?????????????????,????????????2007??4?????????????????,??????????,?60????????????

????????,????????????????3??????????

?????????????????(GEO)??????35786????,?????????,?????,??GEO???????????????????,??????????????????,3??????????GEO???????????????????(2000???????????????2007?????????),???????????

???????(IGSO)???????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????????“8”,?????,GEO???????????,????,?????????????IGSO???????????,??

???(MEO)??????????????2???,?????????,24?55°???????????????????????????????????,???????3????????,???????,????????

??4?????????????3?????????????????28????????????????????,1?????????(?56???)???????????4?????(?57-60?)?????????????????????

???“??????????”

????????,????,????????,????0.5??????????????????????????????,?550?????????????????,???????????????1???????????!?????????????????,????????,????,?????????????,??????????,????15??????????????“550????????1????????”??,??????????????????,???

????????,????????????,?????;??????????????(????????????????),????????????,????????,????????,?????????300???

???????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,????????,?????????,????????????????,????????????,????37?,?,????47????????????????,?????????????,??“????”,?????????????

??,?????????????????,?,???????????????,??????????,????????????????,???????

???????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????????,??????????????????????????,?????????????????????????

???????????

??,???????????,????????????????????????????????????“???????????”,????“?”,??????“?????????”“?????”,?????????????

??????????????2008????????????????????????,????????????????,????,????????????????,??,????,??,???????????????

2023??????????11?????????????,?«???????????????????????»???????10????????????????(ICAO)??????????,??????????,???,????????????????????????????????

????????,??????????????????????????????????“????????????”,????????????,?????????,?,????????????,??????????

??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????????,?,“?????????2035?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????”

???????????????????59??????????????????60??????,?????????????????????“?????????????”?????,????????????????????,??,???(????)

?????????????????:???? ????:???????????