????:1???????:???????????

2??????????

3????????????

4?QQ???????

5?51??

????????????75??????????????75????,???????????????,??????????????,????????,??????????????,???????????????????????????,????

??,??,???????????????????,2023?223??????GDP??89??????????????????????43.6?????????????????????????????……??????????????????75???,“????????????????????”????75????????????,???“????”??????????????????,?????????,?????????????????

??????????? ?????

???7.9%

?????

????,????????????????,???????,????,??????????????1952???679?,?1978???3679???????????;?????,?????,1986???????????????????1?????,2000????????????????10?????????,2006??20??????????????????,??12????????10?????????,2020??100?????????????????????,2023?126???????,?????????????????????,2023????????1952????223??,????????????7.9%;?,19792023??????????8.9%,????3.0%?????????

?????GDP?8.9??????????

??

1952???,???GDP??????????????????????????????119??????????????????????????????,???,??GDP????????2019???????????,??????????GDP??????????70078??????????,????????10158??,??1?;2023????89358??,?????????1952?89???,????6.5%,????12681?????,??3???1.2?????????????????,2023??????(GNI)?1.34???????????????,???????????

???

?????????

???,????????,?????????1952?,???????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%???????????????????,????????????????,???

???????,?,??????????????,??????????????,??2023??,????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%?????,???????????9????????????1.3????,??????????????,??????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??“????+”?????

“???”?22.4??????

??

????,????????,???,???????,???????

20132023?????????,?????????8.7%?10.3%,?????????????????????,?????????????????5G??????????,“????”???,???????????????????

??????????2023?????????????,??421??????;?????????,???????????

???????????????,???????????????????????????????,“??”??????2023??,???“???????????”??????????22.4????????,?GDP????17.73%?

??????

?????

1949???????2.2???????????????????,?8.1?????,???????75?,?????,??????????,??????????????,??????

2023????,?15.9????????,??????????1949????6???????????????????????,???????4.5???,??2/3????????????????;????544????????????,?66?,??????????18.4??????????????????????????????,?;?????12.8?,??????????74.1%;???????????876????????,2023???1.7????????,?2016???10???????,??????????,??????????????????????????????????????

????????3.92??????????????

??

1949???49.7????????????1978???????????,???????????????171??,???????????151??????,????,?????????,??????????,?,???????????????????2023?????????,?39218????,???????????????????1949?????????76??????????,?6.0%;??26796??????????????,??????1956???????36??????????????,??????????5.5%?

??,????????????????,???????2023??????????????,?29.8%,???????1978??????34.1?;????????45.2%,?????????2013?5.5?????????????????????,????????????,??????2023?,??49.7?????????,??????145.9????????,???????2013?????????2.9???????2.1??

????

?????

?,???????????????????????,???

?,??????????????????????????????????,????,?,?,???????????,??

2023???????????????????????,?10.66?????,?1989??10.09?;???????????2.44?????3.02?,????????????1994???????????????????1.64??2.84???????????????,????????????,??,??????????

9899???????????

?

?????????,?????????????????????????????????20?????????????5070????,???????,??????,????“??????????????”?,??????,??????????

?????????,???,??????????????8???,??????????????2020?????9899????????????,832??,12.8?????????,???????,????,??????????10???«???????2030?????????»????????,?????????????,?????

????????????????60%

????

????????,???????????????,??,??????????

2023??,????????????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????????????????????1.6??4542??,?1949????????6.4????????103?,???????????(OECD)??????

?????????,??????,?????????2023???????,?????60%,?;???1982?8????11.05????,????????

?

????

1950??,????????????11.3?,???1978?????????????206???????????????,??????????,2001????????????,??????????,????

??????,?,????????,???????????????1978???1%??????????????2023?12.4%,??7????????????????????“?????????????”??????????,?????????????150???????????30?????????230?????????“?”??,?????25?200??????????,??????????????????????????“??????????????”?

??????????????

????????????????????

??,????,???????,??????,?????1999??,?????????????????????????????????2012?,??????????????????????,??4.9,????1952????????8.1?

??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,???20132023???????????????,??????????????????????6.9%?7.1%,??2023??,????????????????46.7%?24.4%,????????2012??????2.9?????0.9????????

????????????46.3???????

???

?,???????,?????????1956???????????????????????“?????????????”???,????????????????,??????????,??,?????????????

??????,????????????,??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????“?????????”,??????????????????,???????????????????????????11??,????????????,??????????????2023?????????,?????????????,?????????46.3??

????66%

??????????

??????,??1949?????10.64%,1978??????17.92%???????????,???????????????,?????????2023???,?????????9.3?????????,?????????????????1978?????????????7.6??;??66.16%,??????????48.24???

????????????,?,?,????????2023???????,??????????48.3%,???2015???8.4??????????,?????????????,??,?????????????2012???????????2.88:1?2023????????2.39:1?2023?????????,?????12.4:1,????????????2013???1.4?2023???460?????????,??????????99%????????????????,????????14.4????????????????

???3246?????????????????????????????6833????????????

?????????????

1949??,????????????????????,????????????,???????????,?????????????2023?,??3246???????????????????6833???,??????????1949?????59?????325???????????;??119??????????(?)?

?????????,?,??,???,????????????????????2022??????????,??4.46%,?2013????????0.77???;???????2012????????888?????2023??????????1622???????????

????????????78.6???????????

?????

?????????????????????,????????????,???????????75??????????,????????,?,?????????????2023?,??????????????????107???,??????????1017?,?????????1249?????????

??,???,??,??2023?????????????????,????13.34??,?????????????2018??????95%???2023??????????????????????????????,??????????78.6??,????????????1949??????43.6??????????????,??

????24.02%

???

20???50??????????,??????,???????,??????????,??????????“?”????2022??,???????????9014????,???????????20?80??????????25????????????????30????;????????18%,??????????????????????????????

????,“??”???????????????24.02%?2023??????????????,?????(PM2.5)????????2016??????????28.6%,????????????????????21.6??????????????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????“??????????????”???????????“??”,???????????(?) ??????????????:?????