????:1???kb???:?????

2??????????

3????????????

4?????????

5???????????

?????75??????75???,??????,?????????????????????????,?????????,?????????,????????????,???????????????????????????????

??????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????,2023?????????223??????????????????????????????GDP????????????89??????????????????????????????43.6??????????????……???????????????75?,“??”????????????????75??????????,???????????????“??”???,????,??????????????????????????????

????? ???

??????????????7.9%

??????????

????,????????????????,??????,?,????1952??679?????,?1978??3679?????;?,??????????,1986???????1??,2000??10???,2006????????20??,??12???????10???????,2020?????????????100?,2023??126?????,???????????????,2023?1952????????????????223??????,?????7.9%;???,19792023????????????8.9%,???????3.0%????????????

????????????GDP????????????8.9???????

???????????????????

1952???,????GDP??119?????????,??,?????????GDP?????????2019??,??GDP??70078???????????,?????????10158??????????,???1???;2023?89358??????????,??????1952??89???,?????????????????6.5%,??????????????12681?,??3???1.2??????????????,2023??(GNI)????????????????1.34??????,??????

???????????

????????????

????????????,????,????????1952???????????,???????????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%???????????,?????????????,????????

???????????,????,??????????,??,????2023?????????????,?????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%?????,??????????????9??1.3?,??????????????????????,???,??????????????????????????,?,?“?+”???????????????????

“?????”??????????????????????????22.4???????

?????

????,??,??????,????????????,????????????

20132023?,???????????????????8.7%?10.3%,?,??????????5G?????????????????????,“????????????”?,???????????????

??2023??,?421??????????;????,????????????????

?????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,“????”??????????????2023?????????????,????“????”??22.4???????,??GDP?17.73%?

???????

?

1949??2.2?????????,??8.1????????,?????????????????????????????75??????,???????????,?,??????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????

2023????????,?15.9??,???????????1949???????6???????????????,????4.5??,?2/3?????????????;???544??,?66?,?????????????18.4??????????,???;??????????12.8?,??????????????????????????????74.1%;?876???,2023???????????????????????????1.7????,??2016???????????10???,????,???????????????????????????????????????

??????????3.92??????????

???

1949??????????49.7????1978????????????,?????171??????????????????,?151????,?????????????????,?,?,??????????????,??2023????,????????????39218?????,???????1949????????76??,???6.0%;?26796???,????????????1956??36????????????????????,??5.5%?

?????????,??????????????????,??????????2023??????????,??29.8%,??????1978??????????34.1????????????;?????????45.2%,?2013??5.5????????,????????,???2023?,????????49.7??????,?145.9?????????????????????,???????????2013??????2.9???????????????2.1?????

????

?

??????????,??????????????????,?????????????????

?????????????????????????????,?????????,?????????????????????,?????,??,??????????,??????????????

2023????????,????10.66?????????,??1989?10.09??????????;?????2.44????????3.02????,??1994??????????1.64???2.84???????,??,?????????,????

9899???

??

????????????,????????????????????????20?????????5070??,?,????????,???????????“?”??,???????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????

?????,???????????????,???????????8??????,??????????????????????????2020??9899?????????,832?,12.8??????????,?,??????,???10???????????????????«??????????2030?»??????????,??????????????,????

???60%

??????

?????,????????????????????,????,?????

2023??????????,???????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????1.6?????????????4542????,????1949?????????6.4????????103?????,??(OECD)??????????

??????,??,????????2023?????,??60%,??;????????1982?8??????????????11.05??????????????,?????????????

???????????

??????

1950?,????11.3?????????,?????????1978??????????????????????206????,????????????,2001??????,????,???????????

??????????,??,??,????????1978?????1%???????????2023??????12.4%,??????????7??????????????????????“??”??????,??150??30?230????“????????????????????????”???????????????????,??25???200?,????“????????????”?

??????????

?????????

??,??,???????????????,???????????????,????1999???,?????????????????????????????????2012???,??????????,?????????????????4.9,?1952??8.1?

???,??????????????????????????????????,??????20132023?,??????????????????6.9%?7.1%,???????2023????????,???????????????????46.7%?24.4%,???????????????????2012?2.9?????????????0.9??

????46.3??

????????

????????,??????????????????????????,??????1956???????????“???????????”?????????????,?????????????????,??,???????,??????????????

????,??????,?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??“?????????”,??????????????,???????????????????????11????????,??,??????????????????2023????????????,??,????????????46.3??

?66%

??????????

?????,???1949?????????????10.64%,1978?????17.92%?????????,????????????????,?????????2023?,?????????????9.3???????????????????????,????????1978????7.6???;???66.16%,???????48.24??

????????????,????????,????????????,???????????????2023????,?????????48.3%,?2015?8.4?????????????????????,??????????,???????????,????????????2012????????????2.88:1?????????2023?2.39:1?2023??????????,???12.4:1,???????????????????2013??1.4?2023???460???,???????99%??????????,????????14.4??????????????????

????????3246???????6833?????

?

1949????????????,???????????????,??????????????????,????????????,????????????????????2023??,??????????3246???????????????????????6833?,??????????????1949?59??325???????;????119????????(????????????)?

??????????????,?,????????????,???,???????????????2022?????????,???4.46%,?????????????2013?????????0.77?????;????????2012??888?????????????2023????1622??????????????

?78.6???

????????

???,?????,????????????75???????,?,???????????????????,????2023????????????????,?????????107????????,?????1017???????????,?????1249?????????

????,??,???,??????????2023???,??????????13.34?,????2018??????????????????????????????95%???????????2023????????????,??????????????????78.6??????????,??1949????????43.6??????,???????????

???24.02%

???????????

20?50?,???,?????????????,???????,???“????”??????????2022??,????????????????????9014?????,???????????20?80?25??????????????30????;?18%,??????????

??????????,“?????????????????????”???????24.02%?2023?,????????(PM2.5)?2016??????28.6%,???????????????21.6?????????????,????????????????,?“??”???“????????”,??????????(????????????) ?????????????:?????????