????:1?????600???:??90???????

2?????????

3????????

4??????????

5???????

????75?????75????????,???????????????????,????????????????,?????,???????????,??????????,??????????????????

????????????,??????????????,???????????????????,2023??223???????????GDP??89????????????????????????43.6????????……??75?,“?”?75????????????,??“???”??,????????,??????????????

????????? ?????????

?????????????7.9%

?

?,???????????????,????????????,???????????????????,?????????1952?????????????????????679?????????,??????????????1978???3679??;??????????,??????????,1986?????????1???????????????????,2000??10??,2006?20?,?12????????10??????,2020????100??????????,2023????126???????????,?????,2023???????1952???????????223??????????,???????7.9%;??????,19792023????8.9%,????????????3.0%???????????????

???????????GDP????8.9?????????

????????

1952?,????GDP??????????????????????????119?????????????????????,???,???GDP?????2019?????,?????????????????????GDP???????????????????????70078??,????????????10158????,??1?;2023??89358???,???1952??89???,???????????6.5%,???????????????12681???,?????????????3?????????1.2????????????,2023?????(GNI)???????????1.34?????????????,??

????????

?

???????????????????,???,??1952?,?????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%??????????,???????????????????,???

???????,?????????????,????????????????,????,?????2023??????????????????????????????,?????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%??,????????9??????????1.3?????,????????????,????,???????????,???,??????????“?????????+”?????????

“????????”?????22.4????????

??

????????,???????,????????????,???????????,??????????????

20132023??????????????????????????????,????????????????8.7%?10.3%,?,????????????????????????5G??????????,“????”?????,??????????????????????

??2023??????,????????421????????????????????????;?,???????????

??????????????????,????????????????????,“?????”???????????2023????????????,??????????????“????????”?????22.4?,???GDP?????????????17.73%?

??????

???

1949????????2.2????????????,??????8.1???,??????75??,??????????,?????,??????????????????????,??????????????????

2023???????,?15.9????????????,?1949??6????????????,??4.5??,?2/3??;?544?????????????,?????66???,??18.4?????????????,?????????????;?12.8???,?74.1%;?876????????????????????????,2023?1.7????,??????????2016????????10????????????,????????,????????????????????????????????????????

?3.92??

???????

1949?49.7????????????????????1978??????????,??171??????????????????????,?????????????151??????????,???????,????????????????,???,????????,?????2023?,??????????39218?????,??1949?76?????????,???????????????6.0%;??????????26796???,??????????????1956??36??????????,?5.5%?

?????????????????????????????,???,????????2023???????,??29.8%,?????????1978??????????34.1????;??????????45.2%,?????2013????????5.5????????????,??,???????????2023???,???????49.7?,?????????145.9??,??????2013?2.9??????????2.1????????????

????????????????

???

??????????,??????????????,??

?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,???????,??????????,????,???

2023???????????,?10.66??????,?1989?????10.09??;???????2.44?????????3.02?????????????????????,????????????1994?1.64?????????2.84?????,????????,?????????,???????????

9899????

??

????????????????,????????????????????20???????????5070???????,?????????,??????????????????,?“?????????”?,???????????????????????????,?????

????,??,??????????????8?????????,????????2020???9899??,832???????,12.8????,?????????,???????????????????,??10????????«??2030???????????????????»????????,??,????????????????

??????????60%

??????

??????????,????????????????????????????????,??,??

2023??????????,??????????????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;??????????????1.6???4542???????,??1949??6.4?????103?,??(OECD)????

?,?????,??????2023????????????,??60%,?;?1982???????????8???11.05??????????????????????????????,??????????????

??????

??????????

1950????????????,???????11.3???,????1978??206???????,???,2001???,?????,????

?,???????,?,??????????????1978????????????????????1%??????????2023?????????????12.4%,?7??????????????????“?”??????,??????????150??30?????????230?????????????“???????????”???,??????????????????25???????200??????,???“??”?

??????????????????????????????

?

?????????????????,?,??????,??????????????,???????????????????????????1999??????????,??????????2012??,??????????????,?????????????4.9,???1952??????????8.1?

?????,???????????????????????????????????????,??20132023????????????,???????????????????????????6.9%?7.1%,????????????2023?????,???????46.7%?24.4%,????????????????2012?2.9?????????0.9?????????????

???????????46.3???

??????????????????

?,??,????????1956???????????“?”??????????,????????????????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????,?????????

????????????,?????????????,???????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????“?????????”,???????,????11????,?????,???????????????????2023?,?,?????????46.3?????????????

????66%

?????????

??????????,??????????????????1949?????10.64%,1978?????????17.92%???,?????????????????????????????,????????2023????????,??9.3????????????,??1978????????7.6?????????;?66.16%,???48.24?????????????

????????????,?????,?????,????????????????2023?,????48.3%,????????2015??????????????8.4???????????????????????????,????,???????????????????????,??????????2012???????????2.88:1??2023??2.39:1?2023??,?????????????12.4:1,??2013??????1.4?2023???460???????,??????????99%??????,???????14.4???????????

???????????3246?????????????????????????????6833?????????

????

1949????????????,?????????????,???,???????????????????,??2023??????,??????3246???6833??????????????????,??????????????1949??????59????????????????????325?;??????????119??????(???????????????)?

???,????,????,??????,??????????2022?,???????4.46%,???????????2013?0.77??????????????????;?2012??????????????888?????????2023????????1622??????????

?????????78.6?

???

??????????????,??,????75??,?,??,???????2023??????????,???????107??,?????????1017??????????????,???????????????????????1249?????

?????????,??????,?????????????,?????????????2023????????????,?13.34?????,???????????2018??95%??????????????2023??,????????78.6?,????1949??43.6??,????????

??????????24.02%

????????????

20??50????????????????,??????,???????????????,???,??“??????????”???????????????????????????2022????????????,?9014?????,???20??80????????????25????????30????????????;??????????18%,??????

???????????,“???”??????24.02%?2023?????????,?????(PM2.5)??2016?28.6%,?????????21.6?????????????,??????????????????,???????????“?”??“?????????”,????????(?) ?????:?????????????