????:1?????????:?????????????

2?????????

3?cc????????

4?????

5??????????

????????????????75????75?,???,????????????????????????????????,???????????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????,????

???????????????,??????????,???????,2023?????????????223????????????????????????GDP????89???????????43.6???????????……???????????75?,“??”?????????75?????,??????“??????????”?,???????????????????????,???????????????

? ??

????????7.9%

????

???,??????,??????????????????,???,???????????1952?????????679?,?????1978????????3679???;????,????????????????????,1986??1?,2000?????????10?????????????,2006???????????20??,??12???????????????????????????10??????????????????,2020??100?????????????,2023?????126???,????????????,2023?????????1952?223?????,???7.9%;???,19792023?8.9%,??3.0%??

??GDP???????????????????8.9???

?

1952???????????????????,???GDP?????????????119??????????,???,?GDP???2019??????????,?GDP??????????????70078?,?????????10158??????????????,???????????????????1????????????;2023?89358??????????,????????????1952????89???,?????6.5%,?12681??,?????????????3??1.2????????????????,2023?????????(GNI)?1.34??,????

??????????????

????????

???,?,?????????1952?,???????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%??????????????????,???????????????????,?????????

??????????,??????????,?,????????????????,??????????2023???????,????????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%???????????,???????9?????1.3????????????,?????????????,??????????,???????????????????,????????,?“????????????+”????????

“????????????”??????????22.4??

?????

??????????,?,???,??????????,????????????????

20132023?,??????????????????????8.7%?10.3%,?,???????????5G????,“????”???????,???????????????????????????

?????????????2023?,?????????421???????????????????????;??,??????????????????????

????,????????????????????????????,“????????????????”???2023????????,??????????????“????????”???????????22.4???,??????????????GDP??17.73%?

?

??????

1949??2.2????????????,????8.1????,????????????????????????75??????????,??,???????????,?????????????????????,????

2023??????????????????????????????,?????15.9???????,??????????1949??????????????6??????,??????????4.5????????,?????????2/3?;?544??,????66??,???18.4??,??????????;???12.8???????????????????,???74.1%;??????????????????????????????876?????????????????????,2023???????????1.7?,???????????2016?10???,???????????????,?????????????????????????????

??????3.92???

?

1949????49.7???????????1978??????????,??171?,??151???,???????????????,??????,??,?,?????????2023??,??39218??????????????,?1949?76??,??6.0%;??????26796??,???????1956?36?,????????5.5%?

??,????????????????????,??2023????,??????????????????29.8%,??????????1978???34.1?;??45.2%,??????????????2013???????????5.5?????????????,??????,??2023??,???????49.7????????,?145.9???,????????????2013??????????????????2.9???????????2.1???????????

????????????

?????

????,????????????????????????????????,?????????

????,????????????????????????,????????????,??????????,????,????,??

2023??,?10.66????,?????????1989????????????10.09??;??????????????????????????2.44?????????3.02??????????,??????????????????????????????1994???????????1.64??????????2.84?????????,??,???????????,????????????????

9899??????

??

?????,??????????????????????20??????5070??,?,???????????????????????????????????????,???????“????????????”???????,?????????????????????,??

?????,????????,??????????????????8????,??2020????9899??,832??,12.8??????????,????????????,????????,?10????????«????2030??????????????????????»???,?????????,??

????60%

????

????????,???????????????????,?????????,?????

2023?????????????,???????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;??????????1.6?????????4542??????,??1949??????????6.4????103??????????????,???(OECD)??????????

????,?,??2023??,???????60%,????????;????1982?????8?????11.05????????,????????????

??

?

1950?,?????????????????????????????11.3???????,???????????1978?????206???????????????,??,2001??????????,?????,?????????????????????????

???????,??????????,?????,????????1978??????????????1%??2023?12.4%,???????????7?????????????“???????????”?????????,?150??????????????30?230????“???????????”???,??25????????????200??????,?????????“??????????????????????????????”?

???

???

?????,?????????,??????????????????????,???????????????????,???1999???,???????????????????????????????2012?,???????????,????????4.9,????????1952??8.1?

????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????20132023????????,????????????????6.9%?7.1%,?????????????2023???????,????????????????46.7%?24.4%,??????????2012??????????????????????????2.9??????????0.9?????????????

???46.3????????

??

????,???????????????????,?????????????1956???“????????”????,???????,??????????????,?,??????????

?????????,?????????,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????“????”,??????????????,????????11?,?,?????????????????????2023?,?,??46.3????

??66%

????

?????,??????????1949??????????10.64%,1978???17.92%?????,???????????????????????,?????????2023????,??????????9.3???,????????????1978?????????????7.6??;?66.16%,?48.24???

???????????????????,??,????????,???2023???????,???48.3%,??????2015?????????????8.4??????????????,??????,???????????,????2012??????????2.88:1?????2023????????????2.39:1?2023????????,??????12.4:1,?????2013?????1.4?2023??????????460??????????????,?????????????99%????????????????,?????14.4??

???????????3246?????????????6833???

?????????

1949?????,???????????????,????????????,?,?????????2023???????,?3246????????????????????????????6833???????,??1949??59?????325????????????;???119?????????(???)?

???????????????????????,??????????,????,???,????????????????????2022????????,???4.46%,?2013??????????0.77????;?????????2012???????888??????????2023???1622?????

????78.6?

?

????????????,????????????????,???75??????????????,??,??????????,????????????????????????2023??????????,????107???,?1017?????,??????????????1249??????????????????????

????????,??????????,?,??????2023??????????????????,?????13.34???,??2018???95%????????2023??????????,?78.6?????????????,???????????????????????1949???????43.6???,??????????????????

??24.02%

????????????

20?50?,??????????,?????????????????,??????????,?????????“??????”???2022?????????????,??9014??????????,?????????????????????20??????????????????80????25??????????30?;??????????18%,????

?????????,“?”???????24.02%?2023?????,?????????????(PM2.5)????????2016??????????28.6%,?????21.6?????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,????“??????”?????????????????????“???”,???(?) ???:????????????