???????????????? ?????????????

2024???8??????????????20?????????????????????,?????(AS689)??????,[1]????????17%-36.3%???????????(?9%)??????2023???9???13??????????????????????????“?????????????????”??????????,??????????????????????????????,?????2023????????????????????????10??4?????????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“???”?????????,???

?????,???,????????????????????????????????,???“??????????????????????????”(??????????)?????????????????,???????«?????????????????????»????????????????????,???“????????????????”????????2019????«??»???????,??????????????????????????????,????“???????????????????”?????????????2020?,??«????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????,???????“????????????”???????????,??????????????,???????????????????,???????????????????????????????

??????“??”?,?????????

??????????????

(?)???????,???????????????????

1. ?????????

?,?????????1951???????,?????????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??«?»,??????????“?????”(ECSC),????????????????????,?????,???????????????????????????????????

1957???????,????????????????????«??????????»?«??»?????????“??????????????????????????”(Euratom),???????(???????????????????????????????????????????),??????,????,???????????????“?”(EEC),???,?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????92??????94????(state aid),??????????[2]

2. ??????????????????????

1965?????????????,???????????«?????????????????»,??,?,???,????????????????«??????»?????????

1974?,?????????«??????????1985?»,??????????????????????????????1985???50%,???????,????????????[3]

??????????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????,??????????????????

(????????????????????????)??

1980?????,??????????«??????1990??»,??,???????????????????[4]???????????????1974???????????????????

1986????????????????,??????????????«???????????????»,[5]??????????,???,??????

??,???,???????,??????????

???????????

1992?????????????,?????????????«??????»(???????«???????????????»),???????????????“???????????”(EU),??????????????????“??????????”(EEC)???????????????“???”(EC),??????????«?»???«???????»???

????????????????«?????»??????,????????????????????,«??»???130???????,?????

????????,????????,??????“????????????????????”??

(??????????)???????

1995?,???«????»?,?????????????????????,???????????????????[6]

1997?,?????????????????«??:???????????????????»???,[7]?????,?,??????????????????????????

2000???????????,???«????????»??????,?????????,?????????????????[8]

??????????????,??????????????,????

(???)???????????

???????????????,???????2006?????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????»???????????????,??????????,???,??,????????????[9]

2007???,?«??????????»,??«???????»??«????????????????????????????????»,???????????«??????????»?«???»????????????????,«??»??????????????????????88?????????4?,?????????????????????,???????????«?»???????????????????????????????“???????”?,???????????????????????????[10]

2010?,??????????????«???????2020?????????????»,??????,??????????????????????[11]

2011???????????????,??«2050?????»,??????????????????2020???????????,???,???(?????????????????)??????????????????????????,?????????[12]

??????????????,???????,???????????

????????????????????????????“?????????”?????????????

??????«??????»??????107?,??????????????????????,????????????(?),???????????????

?“????????????????????”???:???,??????????????,?????????,??;???????,???

???????????2023???7??????????WTO??,[13]????????????????????????????????,?????“??????”???????????????????“??????”?,??????????,??2021-2022?2273.5???

???,??????“????????????????”????????????????,?????????????????,??????

(?????????????????????????????)????“?”??????????????????

1. ??????“??????????????”?????????????????

2014?,?«2030?????»,?????????2030???????????????,?????????,??????????????,???2030?????27%,????????????????????????????[14]

2015????,??????«??????»,??????“?????????????????????”,??????????????,?????“??”????,???,????????????????????[15]

2018??,??????«??????????????????»,??????????2030???????32%,???????????[16]

???,????????????????????«??????????????????????????????»,????????2050?????????????????????????????????????“????????????????????????”?????????????????????,?????“????????????????????????????????????”???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,?????[17]

2. ?«??»????????«???»?“?????”??????????

2019????????????????,???????????????«???»,????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????2030??1990?????55%????????2050?“?”????

???????????????,??“???”??,??????????????????????????????????????,???“????”????????,«???????????????????????????»?????:???????????????????;????????????;??,??????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????,?????????????[18]

2020???3????????,?????????????«??????????????»,???:????????????;??“?”;????2021??????????5????????????????????[19]???????????????,??,??????????????,??????,???,??????????“?????????????????????”(IPCEI)????????????,?????

2022???,????,?????????????,????“REPowerEU”???,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????????2030????????45%,????????[20]

3. ?????

2023???????????????????,??????????????????«??????????????»,???????????«??????»,????????????????????????,?????????“??????????”???????????[21]

2024???,????«?????????????»?????«???????????????????»???????????«??????????»??????

«????????»????????????????[22]??????????“??????????????????”??????;????????????2030????????????????????,?????40%;?“????????????????”(NZSPs),???????????,??????????????;??????«??????»???????????,??????????

«?»?,??????????????????????2030???????,???????????????????????,?????????-???????????????????????????????????????,???“????????”?????????

(???????????)??

1. ??

2018?????????????????,????????????????????????«???????????:??????????»,?????????,????????,????????????????????,?“??”(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????)?

?????????????????????“????????”(CEF),?????????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????????????,?,???????

2. ?????

2017??????,?????????????????????????“?????”,??????,????????????,???,?????????????????[23]

2018???????,??«????????»,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????[24]????????????????????????,?????????????:?????????????????????;???,???;?,?????;???????????????????;??????(??);???????????????

???????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????????????????????“????”?????????????????????????“??”?,????,??????

(????????)??????????????

1. ??

2022??????,??????????????????????«????????????????????????»,????????2025?????320?????????????????????(GW)??????????????????????2030???600?????????????[25]?????,??????????

????????????,????????:???????“????????”,?????;??;????,?????????;???????????

2. ??????????????????????

??????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??,???????????????????;?????,????????;????;?;???

2024?????????????,???????????«??????»,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????(????????????????????)??????????????????????????????????????????“?????????????????”??,??????,??????????????

???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,????“??????????????????????????”??????????????????????????“???????”???,???????????,???????????????

?????????:?? - ???????????????????????????

(?????)???????????????????????????:????“?”???????

???????????2006??,?????????????“??????????????????????”????????????«???»«????????????????»«?»????????????,??????,???“???????????????????????”????????,????????????

???????????????????,“???????”?????“???”?????????,???,?????????????????????????2020?2??????2026????????12???????31???,?????????????7230???,?????3380???????,3850???????????????,?????37%????????????????2024???4??,?879??????????????,??????????“??”??????25.7%?[26]

“???”(CEF)?????????????«?????»????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?????,??????59.4??????[27]

“?”???????????????,??:“?????????”“????????????”?????????????“??”?“????”?????,“????????”???????????????“???”????????,“??????????????”??????[28]“???????????”????????????????2023?????????????????,???????????????????????2021-2022?2273.5????

(???)????????????:?????

????????“??????????????”???,???“???????”???????????????,???????????????????!

???,?????????????????,??,??????????????????????????????????,??????????,???????????[29]

????????????8?20??,?????,??,?????????“???????????????????????”???????,????,???????????“????????”??“??????”???????????????????????,????????????????????,?????,????,?????????“?”,??[30]

????????????,??????????????????????2035????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????(???????????????)????????????????????????,?????,???[31]

2024????????????????????????8?9???????????????,?(WT/DS626?????),[32]????????????????????????«?»???????????????????????6??«??????»?????1????????????????????????2??????????????????????10??17?????????19??????????????????22?????????????????????????????32?????????????????,??????,?????

(???)???:???“?”???

??,???????????????????????????,?????????????????«?????»«??????????????»«????????????»????,?????“??????”????????,????????,????????“??”???????????????????????????????,????

???????????,???????????,?????????????,?,???????,??????????“?????”?????????????

???????1957?«?????»???????????“???????????”???????????????,??????«???????????»???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,??“?????”???????????

??????????????????,2018??????2024?8???????,???????????“?????”????,?????????????????????????????362??????(???????320?????),?68?(???????????????21%),?61????(???????????????17%)?[33]???????,???????,????????????????????“??”???????????

??????????????????????|?????? ??????? ?????????

?

[1]?:

[2]?«??????????????????????»????????????????????298????51?????????52??????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?:????????????????????,2024??4???

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?????????????????????:

[30]??????????:

[31]

[32]???????(WT/DS626?????????????????):

[33] ???????????:??????? ??“??????”????

?? ??????“????????????”???

??????“????????????”???
??
2024-08-23 16:41:27

????:1???????:500?????????

2???app??????

3???????????

4???qq?????

5???????2022

???????????????? ?????????????

2024???8??????????????20?????????????????????,?????(AS689)??????,[1]????????17%-36.3%???????????(?9%)??????2023???9???13??????????????????????????“?????????????????”??????????,??????????????????????????????,?????2023????????????????????????10??4?????????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“???”?????????,???

?????,???,????????????????????????????????,???“??????????????????????????”(??????????)?????????????????,???????«?????????????????????»????????????????????,???“????????????????”????????2019????«??»???????,??????????????????????????????,????“???????????????????”?????????????2020?,??«????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????,???????“????????????”???????????,??????????????,???????????????????,???????????????????????????????

??????“??”?,?????????

??????????????

(?)???????,???????????????????

1. ?????????

?,?????????1951???????,?????????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??«?»,??????????“?????”(ECSC),????????????????????,?????,???????????????????????????????????

1957???????,????????????????????«??????????»?«??»?????????“??????????????????????????”(Euratom),???????(???????????????????????????????????????????),??????,????,???????????????“?”(EEC),???,?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????92??????94????(state aid),??????????[2]

2. ??????????????????????

1965?????????????,???????????«?????????????????»,??,?,???,????????????????«??????»?????????

1974?,?????????«??????????1985?»,??????????????????????????????1985???50%,???????,????????????[3]

??????????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????,??????????????????

(????????????????????????)??

1980?????,??????????«??????1990??»,??,???????????????????[4]???????????????1974???????????????????

1986????????????????,??????????????«???????????????»,[5]??????????,???,??????

??,???,???????,??????????

???????????

1992?????????????,?????????????«??????»(???????«???????????????»),???????????????“???????????”(EU),??????????????????“??????????”(EEC)???????????????“???”(EC),??????????«?»???«???????»???

????????????????«?????»??????,????????????????????,«??»???130???????,?????

????????,????????,??????“????????????????????”??

(??????????)???????

1995?,???«????»?,?????????????????????,???????????????????[6]

1997?,?????????????????«??:???????????????????»???,[7]?????,?,??????????????????????????

2000???????????,???«????????»??????,?????????,?????????????????[8]

??????????????,??????????????,????

(???)???????????

???????????????,???????2006?????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????»???????????????,??????????,???,??,????????????[9]

2007???,?«??????????»,??«???????»??«????????????????????????????????»,???????????«??????????»?«???»????????????????,«??»??????????????????????88?????????4?,?????????????????????,???????????«?»???????????????????????????????“???????”?,???????????????????????????[10]

2010?,??????????????«???????2020?????????????»,??????,??????????????????????[11]

2011???????????????,??«2050?????»,??????????????????2020???????????,???,???(?????????????????)??????????????????????????,?????????[12]

??????????????,???????,???????????

????????????????????????????“?????????”?????????????

??????«??????»??????107?,??????????????????????,????????????(?),???????????????

?“????????????????????”???:???,??????????????,?????????,??;???????,???

???????????2023???7??????????WTO??,[13]????????????????????????????????,?????“??????”???????????????????“??????”?,??????????,??2021-2022?2273.5???

???,??????“????????????????”????????????????,?????????????????,??????

(?????????????????????????????)????“?”??????????????????

1. ??????“??????????????”?????????????????

2014?,?«2030?????»,?????????2030???????????????,?????????,??????????????,???2030?????27%,????????????????????????????[14]

2015????,??????«??????»,??????“?????????????????????”,??????????????,?????“??”????,???,????????????????????[15]

2018??,??????«??????????????????»,??????????2030???????32%,???????????[16]

???,????????????????????«??????????????????????????????»,????????2050?????????????????????????????????????“????????????????????????”?????????????????????,?????“????????????????????????????????????”???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,?????[17]

2. ?«??»????????«???»?“?????”??????????

2019????????????????,???????????????«???»,????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????2030??1990?????55%????????2050?“?”????

???????????????,??“???”??,??????????????????????????????????????,???“????”????????,«???????????????????????????»?????:???????????????????;????????????;??,??????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????,?????????????[18]

2020???3????????,?????????????«??????????????»,???:????????????;??“?”;????2021??????????5????????????????????[19]???????????????,??,??????????????,??????,???,??????????“?????????????????????”(IPCEI)????????????,?????

2022???,????,?????????????,????“REPowerEU”???,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????????2030????????45%,????????[20]

3. ?????

2023???????????????????,??????????????????«??????????????»,???????????«??????»,????????????????????????,?????????“??????????”???????????[21]

2024???,????«?????????????»?????«???????????????????»???????????«??????????»??????

«????????»????????????????[22]??????????“??????????????????”??????;????????????2030????????????????????,?????40%;?“????????????????”(NZSPs),???????????,??????????????;??????«??????»???????????,??????????

«?»?,??????????????????????2030???????,???????????????????????,?????????-???????????????????????????????????????,???“????????”?????????

(???????????)??

1. ??

2018?????????????????,????????????????????????«???????????:??????????»,?????????,????????,????????????????????,?“??”(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????)?

?????????????????????“????????”(CEF),?????????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????????????,?,???????

2. ?????

2017??????,?????????????????????????“?????”,??????,????????????,???,?????????????????[23]

2018???????,??«????????»,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????[24]????????????????????????,?????????????:?????????????????????;???,???;?,?????;???????????????????;??????(??);???????????????

???????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????????????????????“????”?????????????????????????“??”?,????,??????

(????????)??????????????

1. ??

2022??????,??????????????????????«????????????????????????»,????????2025?????320?????????????????????(GW)??????????????????????2030???600?????????????[25]?????,??????????

????????????,????????:???????“????????”,?????;??;????,?????????;???????????

2. ??????????????????????

??????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??,???????????????????;?????,????????;????;?;???

2024?????????????,???????????«??????»,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????(????????????????????)??????????????????????????????????????????“?????????????????”??,??????,??????????????

???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,????“??????????????????????????”??????????????????????????“???????”???,???????????,???????????????

?????????:?? - ???????????????????????????

(?????)???????????????????????????:????“?”???????

???????????2006??,?????????????“??????????????????????”????????????«???»«????????????????»«?»????????????,??????,???“???????????????????????”????????,????????????

???????????????????,“???????”?????“???”?????????,???,?????????????????????????2020?2??????2026????????12???????31???,?????????????7230???,?????3380???????,3850???????????????,?????37%????????????????2024???4??,?879??????????????,??????????“??”??????25.7%?[26]

“???”(CEF)?????????????«?????»????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?????,??????59.4??????[27]

“?”???????????????,??:“?????????”“????????????”?????????????“??”?“????”?????,“????????”???????????????“???”????????,“??????????????”??????[28]“???????????”????????????????2023?????????????????,???????????????????????2021-2022?2273.5????

(???)????????????:?????

????????“??????????????”???,???“???????”???????????????,???????????????????!

???,?????????????????,??,??????????????????????????????????,??????????,???????????[29]

????????????8?20??,?????,??,?????????“???????????????????????”???????,????,???????????“????????”??“??????”???????????????????????,????????????????????,?????,????,?????????“?”,??[30]

????????????,??????????????????????2035????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????(???????????????)????????????????????????,?????,???[31]

2024????????????????????????8?9???????????????,?(WT/DS626?????),[32]????????????????????????«?»???????????????????????6??«??????»?????1????????????????????????2??????????????????????10??17?????????19??????????????????22?????????????????????????????32?????????????????,??????,?????

(???)???:???“?”???

??,???????????????????????????,?????????????????«?????»«??????????????»«????????????»????,?????“??????”????????,????????,????????“??”???????????????????????????????,????

???????????,???????????,?????????????,?,???????,??????????“?????”?????????????

???????1957?«?????»???????????“???????????”???????????????,??????«???????????»???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,??“?????”???????????

??????????????????,2018??????2024?8???????,???????????“?????”????,?????????????????????????????362??????(???????320?????),?68?(???????????????21%),?61????(???????????????17%)?[33]???????,???????,????????????????????“??”???????????

??????????????????????|?????? ??????? ?????????

?

[1]?:

[2]?«??????????????????????»????????????????????298????51?????????52??????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?:????????????????????,2024??4???

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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