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????:1???????:500?????????
2???app??????
3???????????
4???qq?????
5???????2022
???????????????? ?????????????
2024???8??????????????20?????????????????????,?????(AS689)??????,[1]????????17%-36.3%???????????(?9%)??????2023???9???13?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????2023????????????????????????10??4?????????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,???
?????,???,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????(??????????)?????????????????,???????«?????????????????????»????????????????????,???????????????????????????2019????«??»???????,??????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????2020?,??«????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????,???????????????????,???????????????????????????????
?????????,?????????
??????????????
(?)???????,???????????????????
1. ?????????
?,?????????1951???????,?????????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??«?»,???????????????(ECSC),????????????????????,?????,???????????????????????????????????
1957???????,????????????????????«??????????»?«??»???????????????????????????????????(Euratom),???????(???????????????????????????????????????????),??????,????,????????????????(EEC),???,?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????92??????94????(state aid),??????????[2]
2. ??????????????????????
1965?????????????,???????????«?????????????????»,??,?,???,????????????????«??????»?????????
1974?,?????????«??????????1985?»,??????????????????????????????1985???50%,???????,????????????[3]
??????????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????,??????????????????
(????????????????????????)??
1980?????,??????????«??????1990??»,??,???????????????????[4]???????????????1974???????????????????
1986????????????????,??????????????«???????????????»,[5]??????????,???,??????
??,???,???????,??????????
???????????
1992?????????????,?????????????«??????»(???????«???????????????»),??????????????????????????(EU),????????????????????????????(EEC)??????????????????(EC),??????????«?»???«???????»???
????????????????«?????»??????,????????????????????,«??»???130???????,?????
????????,????????,????????????????????????????
(??????????)???????
1995?,???«????»?,?????????????????????,???????????????????[6]
1997?,?????????????????«??:???????????????????»???,[7]?????,?,??????????????????????????
2000???????????,???«????????»??????,?????????,?????????????????[8]
??????????????,??????????????,????
(???)???????????
???????????????,???????2006?????????«???????????????????????????????????????????????????»???????????????,??????????,???,??,????????????[9]
2007???,?«??????????»,??«???????»??«????????????????????????????????»,???????????«??????????»?«???»????????????????,«??»??????????????????????88?????????4?,?????????????????????,???????????«?»???????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????[10]
2010?,??????????????«???????2020?????????????»,??????,??????????????????????[11]
2011???????????????,??«2050?????»,??????????????????2020???????????,???,???(?????????????????)??????????????????????????,?????????[12]
??????????????,???????,???????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????«??????»??????107?,??????????????????????,????????????(?),???????????????
????????????????????????:???,??????????????,?????????,??;???????,???
???????????2023???7??????????WTO??,[13]????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????,??2021-2022?2273.5???
???,??????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,??????
(?????????????????????????????)???????????????????????
1. ?????????????????????????????????????
2014?,?«2030?????»,?????????2030???????????????,?????????,??????????????,???2030?????27%,????????????????????????????[14]
2015????,??????«??????»,???????????????????????????,??????????????,???????????,???,????????????????????[15]
2018??,??????«??????????????????»,??????????2030???????32%,???????????[16]
???,????????????????????«??????????????????????????????»,????????2050??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,?????[17]
2. ?«??»????????«???»????????????????
2019????????????????,???????????????«???»,????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????2030??1990?????55%????????2050??????
???????????????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,«???????????????????????????»?????:???????????????????;????????????;??,??????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????,?????????????[18]
2020???3????????,?????????????«??????????????»,???:????????????;???;????2021??????????5????????????????????[19]???????????????,??,??????????????,??????,???,???????????????????????????????(IPCEI)????????????,?????
2022???,????,?????????????,????REPowerEU???,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????????2030????????45%,????????[20]
3. ?????
2023???????????????????,??????????????????«??????????????»,???????????«??????»,????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????[21]
2024???,????«?????????????»?????«???????????????????»???????????«??????????»??????
«????????»????????????????[22]??????????????????????????????????;????????????2030????????????????????,?????40%;?????????????????(NZSPs),???????????,??????????????;??????«??????»???????????,??????????
«?»?,??????????????????????2030???????,???????????????????????,?????????-???????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????
(???????????)??
1. ??
2018?????????????????,????????????????????????«???????????:??????????»,?????????,????????,????????????????????,???(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????)?
?????????????????????????????(CEF),?????????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????????????,?,???????
2. ?????
2017??????,??????????????????????????????,??????,????????????,???,?????????????????[23]
2018???????,??«????????»,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????[24]????????????????????????,?????????????:?????????????????????;???,???;?,?????;???????????????????;??????(??);???????????????
???????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,??????
(????????)??????????????
1. ??
2022??????,??????????????????????«????????????????????????»,????????2025?????320?????????????????????(GW)??????????????????????2030???600?????????????[25]?????,??????????
????????????,????????:???????????????,?????;??;????,?????????;???????????
2. ??????????????????????
??????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??,???????????????????;?????,????????;????;?;???
2024?????????????,???????????«??????»,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????(????????????????????)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,??????????????
???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????
?????????:?? - ???????????????????????????
(?????)???????????????????????????:????????????
???????????2006??,???????????????????????????????????????????????«???»«????????????????»«?»????????????,??????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????
???????????????????,????????????????????????,???,?????????????????????????2020?2??????2026????????12???????31???,?????????????7230???,?????3380???????,3850???????????????,?????37%????????????????2024???4??,?879??????????????,??????????????????25.7%?[26]
???(CEF)?????????????«?????»????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?????,??????59.4??????[27]
????????????????,??:??????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????[28]???????????????????????????2023?????????????????,???????????????????????2021-2022?2273.5????
(???)????????????:?????
?????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????!
???,?????????????????,??,??????????????????????????????????,??????????,???????????[29]
????????????8?20??,?????,??,???????????????????????????????????????,????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????,????,??????????,??[30]
????????????,??????????????????????2035????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????(???????????????)????????????????????????,?????,???[31]
2024????????????????????????8?9???????????????,?(WT/DS626?????),[32]????????????????????????«?»???????????????????????6??«??????»?????1????????????????????????2??????????????????????10??17?????????19??????????????????22?????????????????????????????32?????????????????,??????,?????
(???)???:???????
??,???????????????????????????,?????????????????«?????»«??????????????»«????????????»????,???????????????????,????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????
???????????,???????????,?????????????,?,???????,????????????????????????????
???????1957?«?????»?????????????????????????????????????,??????«???????????»???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????
??????????????????,2018??????2024?8???????,????????????????????,?????????????????????????????362??????(???????320?????),?68?(???????????????21%),?61????(???????????????17%)?[33]???????,???????,?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????|?????? ??????? ?????????
?
[1]?:
[2]?«??????????????????????»????????????????????298????51?????????52??????????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]?:????????????????????,2024??4???
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?????????????????????:
[30]??????????:
[31]
[32]???????(WT/DS626?????????????????):
[33] ???????????:???????