????:1???????????:???????????

2????????

3?????????

4???????

5??????v

?75????????75??,?????????????,?????????????????,??????,????????,???????????????????????,?????????????

??????,????????,?????????????????????,2023?????223???????GDP????89???????????43.6????????……?????75????,“?”???????????????????????????75?????????,????????“????”?,???????????,??????????????

???????????????????? ??????????????

???7.9%

?

??,?????????????????,????????????????????,??,??1952????????????679??????????,???????????1978???3679?;????????????,??????????,1986????1?????????,2000?????10???????????????????,2006???????????????20????????,????????12????????10?????????????????,2020?????????????100??????,2023?????????????126??????????????????????????????,?????????????,2023?1952???223?,?7.9%;?,19792023??8.9%,????????????3.0%?????????????

??????????????GDP????8.9????????

??????

1952????????????,??????????????????????????????GDP??119?????,?????????,???GDP?????????????2019????,????????????GDP??70078?,???10158???????????,????1???????;2023????89358???,??1952??????89??????????,?????????????6.5%,????????????12681????????,????3?1.2?????,2023?????????(GNI)??????????1.34???????????????,??

?????????

????????

?,?????????????????,???????????????1952?,?????????????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%?????????,??????????,??????????

????????,???,????,????,????????????????????2023????,??????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%??????????????,?????????9?1.3??????????,???????,????????????,?????????????????????,??,????“???+”????

“?”??????????????????????????22.4????????????

????

???????????,???,?????,??,???????????????

20132023??????????,?????8.7%?10.3%,??????????,???????????5G?,“????????”?,???????

????????2023???,?????421?????????????????????????;???,?????????

???????,?????????????????????????,“??????????”???2023??????????,??????????“??????????????”??????????22.4??,??????????GDP??17.73%?

????????????

???????????????????

1949??2.2?????????,??8.1????????????????,?????????????????75???????????????????,??,???????????????????????,????,???????????????????????

2023????,??15.9?????????,?????????????????1949??6??,???????4.5?,???????2/3?;??????544??,????66???,?????????18.4?????????????????????,????????????;?????12.8?????????,??????????74.1%;?876?????????????,2023???1.7????????,?????????2016??10???,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????????

????3.92??????????

?

1949???49.7??????????1978?????????,??171???????????,????????151??,????????????????,??????,??????????,?????,??2023??????????,???39218?,????1949????????????????????????76?????????,?6.0%;????????????????26796????,??????????????????????????1956????????????36??,????????????5.5%?

???????,?????,???2023???????????,??29.8%,?1978???????34.1??????;????????45.2%,?2013??5.5??????????,????????,??????????2023?,??????????????49.7???,?????????145.9????????,???????????????????????2013????2.9?????????2.1??????

??

?????

??,???????????????????,????????????

??????????,??????????????????????,???????????????????,???????,????????,?????????????,??????????

2023?,????10.66???????????????????????,??????????1989???????10.09??????????;????????????2.44????????????3.02???,?1994?1.64????????????2.84?????,??,?????,??????

9899??

??

?,???????????????20??????????5070??,???,???????????????,???????????????????“?????????????”????,???????????????????,?????????????

??????????????,??,???????????8???,????????2020??????????????????????????9899?,832???????????,12.8???,???????????,?????,??10?«????????2030???»???????,??????????????,?????

???????????????????60%

???

?????,??????????????,???????,????

2023?????????,???????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;?????????????????????????1.6????????????????????????4542?,?1949?6.4?????????103??????,?(OECD)??????????

???????,??????,????????????2023??????????????????,????60%,??;?????1982???8????11.05????,??????????

??????????

????????

1950?,?11.3?????????,????????????1978??206?????????????????????????????????,???,2001??????????,????,??????????????

????,?,???????,??????????????????????1978?????1%??????????????2023???12.4%,?7?????????????????????????“?????????”??,?????????150???30????230??“?????????”???,??25??????????????????????????????200????,??“??”?

??

??

?????????,???????,??????????,???????????????,????????????1999????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????2012????,?,???????4.9,????????????1952??8.1?

?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????20132023??,????????????6.9%?7.1%,??????????????2023??????????????????,???????????46.7%?24.4%,????????????2012?????????2.9??0.9??

??????????46.3?????

??????????????

????,?,????????????????1956?????“??????????”????????,????????????,??,??,??????????????

?,??,?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??“?????????”,?????????????????????,??11??????????,?????,??????????????????2023??????????,??????????,??46.3???????????

??????????66%

????????

???????????,???1949???10.64%,1978????????????17.92%?????,???????????????????????????????????????????,???????????2023?,?????????????9.3?????,?1978??7.6????????;???????????66.16%,???????48.24???

??????????????,?,????,????????2023?????????????,???48.3%,???????2015????????????8.4????,?????????????,???????????????????,?????????2012???2.88:1??????2023???????2.39:1?2023??,?????12.4:1,????2013????1.4?2023?460??????,?????????99%????,??14.4????????????????

??????????3246??????????????6833??

?????????????

1949????,?????????????,?,???????????,???????????2023???????,?????????3246????????????????????6833?,?1949???59?????????????????325???????;???????????119??????????(??????????????)?

?????,??????,????,???????,???????2022???????????????,??????????4.46%,??????????2013??0.77????????????;??????2012?????888??????????2023?????1622???????????

????78.6????????????

????

????,??????,???????????75??????????,?,???,???????????????????2023????????????????,????????107?????,???1017?????????????,???????????????1249??

????????,???????,????,??????????2023????????,???????????13.34???????,?2018???????95%??????????????2023?????????????,?78.6????,???1949????????43.6??,??

???????????24.02%

???

20?????????50????????,????????????,?????????,???,?“?”???2022????,???????9014??,???????????20?80??????????25???30???;??????18%,???????????????

???,“??”???????????????24.02%?2023???,?????????????????(PM2.5)??2016??28.6%,????????21.6?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?“????????”?????????“????????????????”,?????(????????????) ???:???