??????“???”????????????

????:????????????:????????

?????? ???

2024?????????8???20?????????????????,??(AS689)?,[1]??????17%-36.3%????(??????9%)?????2023?????????????????9???????????????????13???“????????????????????????”????,???????????,??????2023??????10???????????????????4????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,????“??”?????,???????????????????????

???????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????????????“?????????????”(??????????????)?,????????????????«??????????»????????,???“??”??????????????????????????????2019???????«????????????????????»??????,??????,??????“???????”?????????????????2020??,?????????????«????????»,????????????????????????,???????????????“????????????”???????????,??????????,?????,??

??????????“??????”???????,?????????????????????????????????

??????????????????

(????????????????????)????,????????????

1. ??????

?,????????????1951???????????????????????,??(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??????«?»,?????“??????”(ECSC),?????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????????

1957??????????????????????,????«???????????»?????«??»??????????????“??”(Euratom),?????????????????????(????),??????????????????????,????????,????????????“???????????”(EEC),????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????92??????????????????????94??????????(state aid),??????[2]

2. ???

1965??????????????????,????«?????????»,?????????,?,??????,????????«???????????????»????

1974??????????????,???????????«???????????????????1985?»,????????????????1985???????????????????????????50%,????????????????,???????[3]

???,?????????????,????????????????????????????????,?????,?,?????

(??????)????????????

1980??,???????????«???????????????????????????1990???????»,?????????,???[4]??1974??

1986?,???«????????»,[5]??????????????????,????,??

??????,?,?????,???????????

??????????????????

1992???????,?????????????????«????????????????????»(????????????????????????«?»),??????“??????????”(EU),?????????????????????“????????????????????”(EEC)????????????????“?????????????????????”(EC),??????«?»????«??????????????????????????»??????

????????????????????«???????????????»???????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,«???????»??????130??,??????????

??,?????????????????,???“??”?????????????????

(??????)????

1995?,??????????????????????«??»?,???????????????????,???????????????????????[6]

1997??,?«???:???????»?,[7]?,???????????????,??????????????????????

2000?????????????????????????????????????,???«???»???????,??????????????????,???????????????????????[8]

??????????,???????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????

(?????)??????????

???,?2006???????????????????«?????????»??????????,????????????????????????,????,???,???????????[9]

2007?,?????«????????????»,?«?»??????«?????»,???«??????????????????????????????»???????????????«??????????»????????????????????????,«?????»??88??????????????????4?,??????,????????«???????????????»??????????????????????“????????????????”?????????????????????,????????????????????[10]

2010??????????????,??????????????????????«?????2020?»,????,??[11]

2011???,??????????«2050??????????????????????????»,????????2020?????,????????,??????(?????????)???????????,???[12]

???????????????,???,????

???????????????????“???????????”???

???????????«???????????????????????»???????107??,????????????????????????,??(????),??????????????

?????????????“???”?????????????:????????????,??,?????,???;???,??????????????????????

???2023?????7???WTO?,[13]??????????????????????????????????????????,??????“??”????????“??”?,????????????????????,???2021-2022?????2273.5?????????

??,?????“????????????????????????”????,????????????,??????????????????????

(?)???????????????????“???????”??

1. ????????????????“??????”??????????????

2014???,???????????????«2030?????»,?????2030????????????????????????????????,????,???,???2030?27%,???????????????????????????[14]

2015??,???????«????????????»,????????“???????”,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?“?????”????????????????,?????????????????????????,??????????????[15]

2018??????????????????????????,???????«???????????????»,?????????????????2030??????????????32%,?????????????????????????[16]

???????,??????«????????????????»,?2050???????????“???????????????????”????????????????,??“?????????????????????????????????????????????”????,??????????????,???????,??????????[17]

2. ???????«?»????????????«?????????????????????????????»???“???????????”???????????????????????

2019??????,??????????????«?????»,???????????????,???,?2030??1990????????????55%????????????2050?????????“????????????”?????????????????

????,???????????????“???”??????????,??????????????????????????,?????????????“???”?????????????????????????????,«?»???:?;???????;?????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????,??????????,???????????????????????[18]

2020??????????3??????????,??????«????????»,???????????:??????????????????;???????“?”;?????2021???????5??????????????[19]?????????,??,?????,????????????????????,???????????????????,?“?????????????????????”(IPCEI)??????????????????,???

2022?????????????????????,???????????,??????????,?????“REPowerEU”????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,??????????2030??45%,??????????????[20]

3. ???????????

2023?,????????????«??????????????»,???????«?????????????????»,?????????????????????,????????“????????”???????????[21]

2024?,?«?????????»???«????????»????«??????????????????»????????????????????

«?»????????????????[22]?“??????????”?;??2030??,??????????????40%;?????????????????“??”(NZSPs),?????????????,??????????????;???????????«?????»?????????,?????????????????

«????»??,?2030?????????????????,????????,??????????-?????????????????????????????????,????????????“??”????

(?????????????????)??

1. ????????????????????

2018???,?????????«???????????????:?????????????»,??????,??????,??????????????,??“???”(electro-mobility,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?

??????“???????????”(CEF),?????????????????,????????????????,????????????????????,???????,????????

2. ??????

2017?????????????????,???????????????“?”,???,?,?????,???[23]

2018??????,???«???????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????[24]??????????????????,???:?;???,???????????????;??????,???????????????;??????????;?????(?????????????????????????????);??

?,???????,??????????“???”?????????????????????????????“???????”?????,??,???????????????????????

(??????????????)??????????

1. ??????????????

2022????????????????,??«??»,??2025??????320?(GW)?????2030???600???????[25]????????,???????

???,?:??????????????????“????????????”,?????????????;??????;????,??????????????;????

2. ?????????????????

???????????????????????,??????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???,?????;???????????????????,????????????????????;????????;????????;????

2024??,????????????????????«??????????»,??????????????????????????????,??(???????)????????????????“?????”??,?????,?????????

????????,?,????????????“????????????????????”??????????????“?????????????”?????????,?????,???????????

???????????????????????:?????? - ????????????????????????????????

(???????????????)????????????:???“??????”??

?????2006????????????????????????,??????“?”????????«??????????»«??????????»«?????????»?????,??????????????,?????????“??????????????????????”?????,????

??????????????,“????????????????”????????“???”??,????????,???????2020???????????????????????????????2??????2026????????????12?31??????????????,??????????????????????????7230???,?????3380??,3850?????????????????,??????????????????37%??????????????2024??????????????????????4????,??879??????????????????????????????,??????????????????“??”????????????????????25.7%?[26]

“???????????????????????”(CEF)???????«????»???????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2021-2027?????????????,???????????????????59.4????????[27]

“?”????????????????????,??:“???”“?”???“?????????????”?“?????????????????”????,“???????”?????“??????????????”??????????????,“?????”????[28]“??????”????????2023??????????????????,????????????2021-2022?2273.5??????????

(????????????)?????:??????????

?????“??????????????????????????????”?????????????????????????????,???????“????????”?????????????????????,?!

?????????????????????,????????,??????,????????????????????????????????,??????,????????????[29]

?????????????????????8????????????????????????20?,???????????,??????????,?????“??????????????????????????????????????????????”???????????,?,???????????“???”???????????????“??????????”????????????????????????????????????????,?????,????????????????????,??????,??????????????“?????”,?????????[30]

????,????????????????????????2035?????????????????,???????,?????(???????????)???????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????[31]

2024??????8??9???????????????,???(WT/DS626???????????),[32]????????????????????????????????????«???????????????»???6??????????????«????»???????????????1???????????2?????????10????17????????19??????22?????32?????????????,????????????????????????,??

(????????)?:????“???????”???

??,?????,???????«?????????????????????»«??????????????????»«???»?????,???“???”?????,????,?????“????????”??????????,??????????????

???????,??????????????,??????????????,???????????,?????????????,???????????????“???????????????”????

???1957??????????«?????????????»????“??”?,????????«??????»??????????????,?????????????????????????????????,?????“?”????????

???????????,2018?????2024?????8????????????,??“??????????????”??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362???(???????????????????????????????????320?????),????68????????(???????????????????21%),????61????????????(????????????17%)?[33]????,????????????????,??????????“?????????????”??????????????

???|??????? ???????? ???????????????

???????????????

[1]???????????????????????????:

[2]???????????????????????«??????????»??????????298?????51???52??????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]????????????????:????????????????????????,2024????4?????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]???????:

[30]???:

[31]

[32]???????(WT/DS626???????):

[33] ????????:???????????